Bilayers cross-linked

Fig. 36. Representative bilayer resist systems. Both CA and non-CA approaches are illustrated (116—119). (a) Cross-linking E-beam resist, 193-nm thin-film imaging resist (b) acid-cataly2ed negative-tone cross-linking system (c) positive-tone CA resist designed for 193-nm appHcations and (d) positive-tone...

In a film, the cooperative effort of the different molecular motors, between consecutive cross-linked points, promotes film swelling and shrinking during oxidation or reduction, respectively, producing a macroscopic change in volume (Fig. 18). In order to translate these electrochemically controlled molecular movements into macroscopic and controlled movements able to produce mechanical work, our laboratory designed, constructed, and in 1992 patented bilayer and multilayer103-114 polymeric... 

Grubbs group reported a series of cross-linkable triarylamine-containing poly(norbor-nenes) (51) and investigated them as the HTMs in a bilayer OLED (Scheme 3.19) [94]. However, cross-linking was found to decrease the device performance due to the low Ts of the polymers and the poor film quality after UV irradiation. 

Polysiloxanes are widely employed as biomaterials. Artificial skin can be fabricated from a bilayer fabricated from a cross-linked mixture of bovine hide, collagen, and chondroitin sulfate derived from shark cartilage with a thin top layer of polysiloxane. The polysiloxane acts as a moisture and oxygen-permeable support and protects the lower layer from the outer world. A number of drug delivery systems use polysiloxanes because of the flexibility and porous nature of the material. 

The process utilizing supramolecular organization involves pore expansion in silicas. A schematic view of such micelles built from the pure surfactant and those involving in addition n-alkane is shown in Figure 4.9. Another example of pore creation provides a cross-linking polymerization of monomers within the surfactant bilayer [30]. As a result vesicle-templated hollow spheres are created. Dendrimers like that shown in Figure 4.10 exhibit some similarity to micellar structures and can host smaller molecules inside themselves [2c]. Divers functionalized dendrimers that are thought to present numerous prospective applications will be presented in Section 7.6. 

Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, involving more than 100 mutations, has been systematically carried out through Cl—C3, the cytoplasmic terminations of TM1-TM7, H8, and the C-terminal tail. In addition, more than 40 pairs of cysteines have been introduced at the cytoplasmic face. With these mutants as a basis set, three classes of experiments have been carried out, namely SDSL, sulfhydryl reactivity, and disulfide cross-linking kinetics. A global comparison of the results provides a unique view of the solution state, its dynamics, and its correlation with the crystal structure. By solution state is meant, in all cases, rhodopsin solubilized in dodecyl maltoside (DM) micelles. The measured functional properties of rhodopsin, namely transducin activation (Resek et al., 1993) and phosphorylation by the rhodopsin kinase (Thurmond et al., 1997), are conserved in this detergent, and it is presumed to be a reasonable approximation to the bilayer environment. 

Sophisticated amphiphile designs allow us to develop bilayer-based organic-inorganic hybrids. In the example shown in Fig. 4.29, amphiphiles with alkoxysi-lane heads are used as bilayer-forming components. At the surface of the vesicle formed, cross-linked silanol groups form an inorganic silica-like structure. 

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