Bilateral perturbations

We distinguish between two kinds of perturbation those in which can have only one sign unilateral perturbations) and those in which can be either positive or negative bilateral perturbations). An example of a unilateral perturbation is the appearance of a very small amount of solid phase in a system which was initially completely liquid. The importance of these conditions of stability, which we shall consider in... 

The arguments developed in the preceding paragraphs can be extended immediately to systems where r simultaneous reactions can take place. Suppose that we characterize these reactions by the parameters 2 consider at once the case of bilateral perturbations that is 8 1, 8 2 each be either positive or nega-... 

As with other K+-sparing diuretics, spironolactone often is coadministered with thiazide or loop diuretics in the treatment of edema and hypertension. Such combinations result in increased mobilization of edema fluid while causing lesser perturbations of K+ homeostasis. Spironolactone is particularly useful in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism (adrenal adenomas or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) and of refractory edema associated with secondary aldosteronism (cardiac failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and severe ascites). Spironolactone is considered the diuretic of choice in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Added to standard therapy, spironolactone substantially reduces morbidity and mortality and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. 

THERAPEUTIC USES Spironolactone often is coadministered with thiazide or loop diuretics in the treatment of edema and hypertension. Such combinations result in increased mobilization of edema fluid with lesser perturbations of K+ homeostasis. Spironolactone is particularly useful in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism (due either to adrenal adenomas or bilateral adrenal... 

These workers have since gone on [73,74] to conduct phase-coexistence calculations in pores using these ideas. These recent studies have many notable features, including the use of free-energy perturbation formulas in lieu of thermodynamic integration to maintain the chemical potential equality, and the introduction of a restraining field to eliminate unilateral or bilateral phase changes. 

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