Beryllium occurrence

Occurrence The beryUium content of the earth s surface rocks has been estimated at 4—6 ppm (1). Although ca 45 beryllium-containing minerals have been identified, only beryl [1302-52-9] and bertrandite [12161 -82-9] are of commercial significance. 

J. A. Hudbut, The History, Uses, Occurrence, Analytical Chemisty, and Biochemistry of Beryllium, KFP-2132, Dow Chemical U.S.A., Golden, Colo., 1974, pp. 3—9. (Available from National Technical Information Service, TID-4500-R62). 

Beryllium, like its neighbours Li and B, is relatively unabundant in the earth s crust it occurs to the extent of about 2 ppm and is thus similar to Sn (2.1 ppm), Eu (2.1 ppm) and As (1.8 ppm). However, its occurrence as surface deposits of beryl in pegmatite rocks (which are the last portions of granite domes to crystallize) makes it readily accessible. Crystals as large as 1 m on edge and weighing up to 60 tonnes have been reported. World reserves in commercial deposits are about 4 million tonnes of contained Be and mined production in 1985-86 was USA... 

In the case of alloys having one constituent considerably more reactive to oxygen than the others, conditions of temperature, pressure and atmosphere may be selected in which the reactive element is preferentially oxidised. Price and Thomas used this technique to develop films of the oxides of beryllium, aluminium, etc. on silver-base alloys, and thereby to confer improved tarnish resistance on these alloys. If conditions are so selected that the inward diffusion of oxygen is faster than outward diffusion of the reactive element, the oxide will be formed as small dispersed particles beneath the surface of the alloy. The phenomenon is known as internal oxidation and is of quite common occurrence, usually in association with a continuous surface layer of oxides of the major constituents of the alloy. 

Beryl. 385 Beryllium atomic size, 379 boiling point, 374 bonding capacity, 285 chemistry of, 382 electron configuration. 378 heat of vaporization, 374 ionization energies, 379 occurrence, 384 preparation, 385 properties, 381 structure, 381... 

Minerals belonging to the category of insoluble oxide and silicate minerals are many in number. Insoluble oxide minerals include those superficially oxidized and those of oxide type. The former category comprises mainly superficially oxidized sulfide minerals, including metals such as aluminum, tin, manganese, and iron which are won from their oxidic sources. As far as silicate minerals are concerned, there can be a ready reference to several metals such as beryllium, lithium, titanium, zirconium, and niobium which are known for their occurrence as (or are associated with) complex silicates in relatively low-grade deposits. 

Jhe distribution of beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, tin, molybdenum, yttrium, and lanthanum in the principal coal-producing beds of the Interior Province has been studied by the U. S. Geological Survey. Data, methods of sampling, and analyses are discussed by Zubovic and others (II, 12). This chapter discusses the occurrence of 13 of these elements with respect to geological and geochemical environments of coal deposition and chemical properties of the elements. Zinc and tin are not included in this study because they were detected in only a few samples. 

Occurrences of beryllium in the earth s crust are widely distributed and estimates of Lite amount fall in the 4-6 ppm range. Forty-five beryllium-containing minerals have been identified. Only two are commercially important—beryl. 3BcO- 6SiOj, for its high beryllium content,... 

The term rarer elements as originally employed in the sense of their comparative rare occurrence and limited availability must now, in a number of cases, be regarded as a misnomer. Large quantities of some of these elements are utilized annually, and the range of their application is slowly but surely widening. A few examples may be mentioned the use of molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, and beryllium in the steel industry, of tungsten in the manufacture of incandescent lamps, and of titanium and uranium in the paint industry. The interpretation of the term rarer elements, as applied to the elements described in this chapter, is perhaps best accepted in the sense of their comparatively rare occurrence in routine qualitative analysis. 

Occurrence Beryl, the ore of beryllium, is found chiefly in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Argentina, and India. Principal sources in U.S. are Colorado, Maine, New Hampshire, and South Dakota. There are undeveloped deposits in Canada. 

Information is provided on the occurrence, environmental fate, available analytical methods, and treatment techniques foraldrin, ammonia, antimony, beryllium, boron, chlorpyrifos, isophorone, malathion, p-nitrophenol, phenol, silver, and thallium. 

BERYLLIUM AND THE GROUP II elements Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra 215 MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM AND RADIUM 7-8. Occurrence the Elements... 

Occurrence and Production The Earths crust contains about 13 mg kg thorium (Vietzke 1983), as a constituent of more than 100 minerals. Abundance is comparable to that of beryllium and cobalt, and three times above that of uranium. Typical concentrations range from 1 to 10 mg kg in sandstone, shale or limestone, while granite contains up to 80 mg kg thorium (Kathren 1984). Monazite, an orthophos-... 

It has been reported by F.A. Mumpton (1978) that more than 1000 occurrences of zeolite minerals in over 40 countries have been discovered since 1950. In addition to the hydrated aluminosilicate species, new minerals related to zeolites have been discovered, including the porous clathrasUs such as Melonophlogite (a silica only framework). Species in which the aluminum or silicon has been replaced by other elements (such as phosphorus, iron, and beryllium) have also been discovered as exemplified by viscite, a silicoaluminophosphate related to analcime. At the present there are 38 different natural framework topologies, as shown in Table 25. 

Neutrons are most commonly encountered as a result of fission reactions or a-n reactions where an alpha particle collides with a nucleus resulting in the emission of a neutron. Beryllium or fluorine is used with an alpha emitter to create neutron sources such as Pu-Be, Po-Be, Am-Be, or Pup4 sources. Because neutrons have no charge, they like gamma rays, do not have Coulombic interactions, and interact only intermittently. Each of these interactions is a probabilistic occurrence. There are three main types of neutron interactions ... 

Occurrence of three scandium-beryllium intermetallic compounds and their crystal structures are the only data existing about the Sc-Be binary system. Their characteristics are presented in table 2. Gschneidner and Calderwood (1987) reviewed all available papers on scandium-beryllium binary alloys. 

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