Benchmark steam and condensate losses

Fuel is sold based on its gross or higher heating value (HHV). If, at the end of the combustion process, water remains in the form of vapor, the HHV must be redueed by the latent heat of vaporization of water. This reduced value is known as the lower heating value (LHV). Fired fuel calculation should be based on LHV. 

Make sure that the steam flow meter is installed in your boiler plant and calculate the 

A boiler fired with natural gas at 6/MMBtu produces 600 psig saturated steam. The BFW supply is 200 °F at 2.5/klb. Using Tables 18.1 and 18.2, calculate the benchmark steam cost in /100klb. What could be the effect on steam cost if 

A steam trap is essentially a control valve with a simple mechanism for separating steam and condensate. It is designed in such a way that it opens to allow 

Failure in steam traps not only cause steam losses but also lead to damages to equipment and safety via water hammer. Two types of water hammers could be caused by steam trap malfunetioning the cavitation occurs when a trap valve sticks in the open position as the hot steam bubbles collapse in the cold condensate, while the slug type happens when a trap valve sticks in the closed position as slugs of condensate remain in steam lines. Some traps tend to fail in an open position, while others tend to fail in a closed position. This tendency may also be influenced by the characteristics of the steam system. 

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