Behavior chlorpromazine

The administration of low doses of PCP to rodents induces hyperactivity and stereotypy (Chen et al. 1959 ). The observation that neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and pimozide, and adrenolytics such as alpha-methyl paratyrosine antagonize these behavioral effects of PCP suggests that they are mediated by facilitation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission (Murray and Horita 1979). The actions of PCP on central dopaminergic neurotransmission may be similar to amphetamine. A dose of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) in rats, which has no effects when given alone, enhances the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (Balster and Chait 1978). PCP, like dopamine, has also been shown to suppress plasma prolactin (Bayorh et al. 1983). However, the firm establishment of an excl usive relationship between dopamine neuro-transmission and PCP effects is difficult because of the prominent interactions of this drug with other neurotransmitter systems. 

The close resemblance between schizophrenia and PCP-induced psychosis suggests that the behavioral effects produced by PCP might be useful as a model of psychosis. On this basis, most animal studies have examined the ability of various agents to modify PCP-induced hyperactivity and stereotypy. While some studies suggest that neuroleptics such as haloperidol (Castellani and Adams 1981 Garey et al. 1980), chlorpromazine, or clozapine (Freed et al. 

Gillett, E. (1960) Effects of chlorpromazine and d-lysergic acid diethylamide on sex behavior of male rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., 103 392-394. 

Behavioral disorders/Hyperactivity-Generally, do not use chlorpromazine in children younger than 6 months of age except where potentially lifesaving. It should not be used in conditions for which specific children s dosages have not been established. 

The electrochemical behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in 0.2M H2SO4 was studied by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry at an oxidized and a non-oxidized ruthenium wire electrode [173]. Preparation of a stable and permanent coating of RuOj on the electrode was very time-consuming, but the resulting curves were highly reproducible. The... 

Rivera-Calimlim, L., Griesbach, P.H., and Perlmutter, R. (1979) Plasma chlorpromazine concentrations in children with behavioral disorders and mental illness. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26 114— 121. 

Finally, both chlorpromazine and haloperidol are approved for (2) the treatment of severe behavioral problems in children (1 to 12 years of age) marked by... 

The term behavioral toxicity has been used in the child psychiatry literature to describe the following adverse effects of antipsychotics, particularly low-potency phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine, thioridazine) ... 

The sorption of two weak acids (warfarin and thiopentone) and two weak bases (chlorpromazine and diltiazem) into PVC infusion bags was described by a constant partition model. PVC-water partition coefficients were obtained using three different methods equilibrium values for sorption into PVC bags, the sorption versus pH relationship, and partition into PVC strips. The data were compared with similar values derived from a liquid-liquid partition system and different organic solvents (octanol, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, and hexane). Octanol is the preferred solvent, and it is suggested that octanol-water partition data can be used to predict sorption behavior [182]. 

A stereotyped compulsive behavior is induced both in humans and in laboratory animals by amphetamines. This provided the basis for a method that has been used to measure the action of drugs on amphetamine-sensitive centers of the brain. A lesion in the nigrostriatal bundle on one side of a rat brain was made by injection of a neurotoxic compound such as 6-hydroxydopamine. This caused degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons on one side of the brain. When rats that had been injured in this way were given amphetamines, they developed a compulsive rotational behavior. Administration of chlorpromazine and several other antipsychotic drugs neutralized this behavior and in direct proportion to the efficacy in clinical use, an observation that also supports the theory that schizophrenia involves overactivity of dopamine neurons. 

Meshali MM, Gabr KE (1993) Effect of interpolymer complex formation of chitosan with pectin or acacia on the release behavior of chlorpromazine HC1. Int J Pharm 89 177-181... 

Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) responding in a Skinnerbox has been used in different studies as a test for teratogenic effects on behavior. Prenatal treatment of rats vith haloperidol resulted in normal baseline level of lever pressing in a Skinnerbox for a water reward. However, like after postnatal haloperidol treatment, an increase in the number of sessions to criterion for DRL responding was observed in these animals (ref. 41). Simple acquisition of the bar-press response for water reward was shown to be affected by prenatal treatment vith chlorpromazine, but not by prenatal amphetamine treatment (ref. 137). The response rate, but not response accuracy, in a left-right alternation learning test in a Skinnerbox was increased after neonatal clomipramine treatment ref. 34). 

Fischman, M., Smith, R. (1976). Effects of chlorpromazine on avoidance and escape responses in humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 4, 111-114. 

The strength of the NMR method is made evident, for example, in the study of the behavior of phenothiazine derivatives and their EDA complexes in solution [89]. First, the solution properties of, for example, the tranquilizer chlorpromazine hydrochloride and base in a variety of solvents were established leading to the unambiguous notion of self-association and micellization, with the HC1 form being the more stable. Second, the conformation of these compounds in self-adducts were discovered to be virtually unchanged as a function of temperature in the range 20 to 60°C. Iodine stabilized both molecular forms. Third, the complexation sites in these molecules were clearly established, as well as the stoichiometry of the complexes. The stability of these CTC can be followed with time. 

Work is needed to verify whether or not some particular phenomena observed with 10-substituted phenothiazines, like the polymorphism of lO-methylphenothiazine-6-oxide and the thermal behavior of chlorpromazine, - are correlated with configurational differences. 

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and thioridazine (Mellaril), both phenothiazine derivatives, are used for their antipsychotic effects in the control of severely disturbed or agitated behavior and in schizophrenia. Thioridazine has a higher incidence of antimuscarinic effects but a lower incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms. Pigmentary changes of the retina have been reported occasionally in association with chlorpromazine therapy, although it is recognized that only thioridazine produces retinal toxicity. 

Recently a hyperactivity model induced by a combination of D-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide was studied. Lamotrig-ine, valproate, and carbamazepine, all used to treat bipolar disorder, were all found to decrease this hyperactivity (Arban et al., 2005). Interestingly, while most mania models assume an increase in dopamine, an early model used dopamine depletion with intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopa-mine, which induces hyper-reactivity to environmental stimuli, but not hyperactivity per se (Petty and Sherman, 1981). This model was responsive to chronic hthium and to chronic electroconvulsive shock, and also to acute chlorpromazine, while imipramine worsened the behavior. 

When patients present in a manic episode, rapid remission of symptoms is requked, particularly if the person is psychotic or experiencing severely disruptive behavior, hi these cases, use of an antipsychotic medication is usual. These medications may include use of conventional or first generation antipsychotic medications, such as chlorpromazine or haloperidol (Table 35.3). Recently, the second generation or atypical antipsy-chotics have also shown efficacy in keatment of acute mania (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The latter agents are preferred due to then lower likelihood of inducing neuro-... 

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