Basic RC circuit

FIGURE 4-2 A. / C circuit diagram B. Nyquist and Bode C. total impedance D. phase angle plots 

The circuit analysis results in the expressions for total, real, and imaginary impedance of the circuit as  

Interestingly, although R is frequency-independent, is frequency-dependent. At very high frequencies Z O and at very low frequencies REAL respect to Z,, at very high frequencies Z —l/coC and has 

At low frequencies the imaginary impedance Z, 0 resulting in very high 

A Randles circuit is one of the simplest and most conunon cell models used for many aqueous, conductive, and ionic solutions [4]. It includes only solution resistance a parallel combination of a double-layer capacitor 

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Maxwell s structure is often used for modelling parallel processes. As seen in Figure 4.21, Maxwell s structure is basically RC circuits in parallel. The concept of admittance is useful because the overall admittance of parallel elements is simply the sum of the individual admittances, i.e.,... 

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