Basalts mantle evolution

Hertogen J., Janssens M. J., and Palme H. (1980) Trace elements in ocean ridge basalt glasses implications for fractionations during mantle evolution and petrogenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 2125-2143. 

White W. M. and Hofmann A. W. (1982) Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of oceanic basalts and mantle evolution. Nature 296, 821-825. 

Norman M. (2001) Apphcations of laser-ablation ICPMS to the trace element geochemistry of basaltic magmas and mantle evolution. In Min. Assoc. Can. Short Course Series (ed. P. Sylvester). Ottawa, vol. 29, pp. 163-184. 

A number of models have been proposed which link crustal evolution with the mantle Nd-isotope evolution curve, the most realistic of which is probably the transport-balance model of Nagler and Kramers (1998). This model is based upon their empirically derived Nd-isotope mantle evolution curve and assumes that the upper mantle melts to form basaltic oceanic crust, which is then reprocessed to form continental crust. An important aspect of the model is that it also includes crustal recycling, such that as the volume of continental crust grows with time, proportionately some crust is recycled back into the mantle through erosion and subduction. 

Archean crustal compositions that have important implications for crust/mantle evolution. For example, HREE depletion is a common feature in Archean crustal rocks but virtually absent from rocks formed during the Post-Archean. In contrast, other recent estimates of bulk crustal composition exceed the heat-flow constraint. In contrast, models that propose a basaltic crustal composition produce too little heat in the crust to account for the observed values. 

Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Seufert M, White WM (1986) Nb and Pb in ocearuc basalts new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 79 33-45... 

De Paolo DJ (1980) Crustal growth and mantle evolution inferences from models of element transport and Nd and Sr isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44 1185-1196 Deruelle B, Dreibus G, Jambon A (1992) Iodine abundances in oceanic basalts implications for Earth dynamics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 108 217-227... 

O Hara MJ (1968) The bearing of phase equilibria studies in synthetic and natural systems on the origin and evolution of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Earth Sci Rev 4 69-133 O Nions RK, McKenzie D (1993) Estimates of mantle thorium/uranium ratios from Th, U and Pb isotope abundances in basaltic melts. Phil Trans Royal Soc 342 65-77 Oversby V, Gast PW (1968) Lead isotope compositions and uranium decay series disequilibrium in reeent volcanic rocks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 5 199-206... 

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