Avoidance beams

For solid systems Irradiations are carried out mostly under vacuum for beam transportation. Focused beam may cause undesirable temperature rise on irradiated specimen, or abrupt deterioration of vacuum. One can use defocused beam, by using a scatterer if necessary, but the uniformity could be sometimes dubious therefore it is not always recommended. To avoid beam heating and abrupt gas evolution, beam scanning is often adopted for uniform irradiation on... 

In tomographical TEM measurements, the resolution is usually rather low in order to avoid beam damage of the sample, and, therefore, smaller particles within the... 

Detector limits (weight ppm) 50-1,000 2,000-5,000 WDS used at higher beam current, fewer overlapping peaks XEDS better if current is restricted, e.g., to avoid beam damage... 

The proposed connection eliminates residual deformations and avoids beam damage for drifts lower or equal to 6 %. 

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