Average Fiber Diameter , response

The structural morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were determined by ESEM FEI quanta 200 without gold coating and 100 readings were taken for measuring average fiber diameters. Systat 10 was used for the process optimization and the response surface methodology. 

The response surfaee equation for average fiber diameter for -1 level of distance is given by substituting X2= -1 in equation 15.1. Similarly, other two equations were obtained by substituting X2 = 0 and X2 = 1 in equation 15.1. The equations are ... 

Consider the first case of the effect of levels of electric field strength and ratio of solvents - TFA/DCM on fiber diameters for different levels of chitosan concentration (Figure 15.8). The concentration of chitosan was kept at -1 level (5%), 0 level (5.5%), and +1 level (6%), respectively. The response surface equation for average fiber diameter for -1, 0 and +1 levels of chitosan concentration is given by substituting X2 = -1 in equation 15.6. Likewise, other two equations were obtained by substituting X2 = 0 and X2 = 1 in equation 15.6 as follows ... 

Cardiac muscles, as is evident from their name, make up the muscular portion of the heart. While almost all cardiac muscle is confined to the heart, some of these cells extend for a short distance into cardiac vessels before tapering off completely. The heart muscle is also called the myocardium. The heart muscle is responsible for more than two billion beats in a lifetime. The myocardium has some properties similar to skeletal muscle tissue, but it is also unique. Like skeletal muscles, myocardium is striated however, the cardiac muscle fibers are smaller and shorter than skeletal muscle fibers averaging 5-15 micrometers in diameter and 20-30 micrometers in length. In addition, cardiac muscles align lengthwise more than side-by-side compared to skeletal muscle fibers. The microscopic structure of cardiac muscle is also unique in that these cells are branched such that they can simultaneously communicate with multiple cardiac muscle fibers. 

The feathers in a penguin s coat are packed evenly over the animal s body averaging between 30 and 40 per cm. Dawson et al. (1999) and Wan et al. (2009) identified that the mechanism responsible for the insulation properties is found in the after-feather. The diameter of the after-feather fiber (barbs) is approximately 5.5 ( 0.9) pm and consists of approximately 50 barbs averaging 24 mm in length (Dawson et al., 1999 Wan et al., 2009). 

The average length of a sarcomere is 2.5 pm (contracted 1.5 fim, stretched 3 gm). The unit responsible for contraction is, in fact, made by a group of fibers and the motor neurons that innervate them. Multinucleated contractile cell diameters range from less than 10—100 pm to several centimeters (may be up to 35 cm) in length. Slow oxidative muscle fibers have the smallest diameter, fast oxidative fibers are intermediate in size, and fast glycolytic fibers are the largest. 

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