Autoclave Free-volume

Caution. As hydrogen is liberated before hydrogenation starts when 2-methoxyethanol reacts with sodium and aluminium, the volume of the reaction mixture must not exceed 55% of the total free volume of the autoclave and the maximum pressure of hydrogen must not exceed the permitted working pressure. This part of the preparation is exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture must not exceed 170°. When more than 15 moles of sodium dihydridobis(2-methoxyethoxo)aluminate(l-), is prepared it is necessary to control this reaction by slow addition of 2-methoxyethanol to sodium and aluminum in the closed autoclave. 

All zeolites were hydrothermally treated keeping 1.5 g of calcined sample at temperatures between 373 K and 493 K in steam at relative pressures p/pg from 0.5 to 1.0 (pg is the saturation vapour pressure) in an autoclave with a free volume of 80 ml up to 72 h. 

The proper evaluation of the related pressure of steam in the free volume V of the autoclave depends on the temperature T, on the total amount of water w, and, of course, on the water sorption uptake of the crystals. The determination of the necessary amount of water in order to have a permanent saturation pressure p = p iT) in the system requires knowledge on the water sorption behaviour of the zeolite at higher temperature. The open literature offers no sorption isotherms of DAY-S for these conditions. 

Thus, the total amount of water tv inside an autoclave with a free volume V can be described by eq. (4), where /c represents the adsorption constant, m is the weight of the sample, and M the molecular weight of water ... 

These two DOH compounds have only been obtained by the special "dry-synthesis" method described above [24, 25]. However, the reasons for the use of this method are different in the two cases. The benzene cyclopentadienyl iron complex decomposes quickly in aqueous synthesis systems at higher temperatures. Colourless needles are produced then. Under the conditions of the dry synthesis the complex is reasonably stable, although the synthesis is not easily reproduced. It works best when a reactive silica source such as fumed or precipitated silica is used and when the autoclaves in which the reactions take place have a large free volume. Such a dependence of the product on the starting material or the reaction vessel used is typical of reactions carried out under kinetic control [25]. 

An autoclave without a bursting disk and containing the two poorly mixed reactants was wrecked by a violent explosion which occurred on heating the autoclave to 180°C [1]. This was attributed to not allowing sufficient free space for liquid expansion to occur [2], The need to calculate separate reactant volumes under reaction conditions for all autoclave preparations is stressed [3],... 

The process of obtaining alkyl sulphonate in an autoclave with a mixer has been studied. Basic reagents were water solution of sodium hydrosulfite 36-38% and industrial olefin fractions at 240-320 °C. NaN03 and oxygen from air were used as initiators of the reaction of free radicals. System factors are x, reaction time, h x2 temperature of reaction, °C x3 mole ratio of sodium hydrosulfite and olefin x3 mole ratio of NaN03 and olefin x5 volume ratio of N-propanol and olefin. System response is a yield of alkyl sulfonate as a per cent of theoretical yield. FRFE design... 

Vitamin-Free, Acid-Hydrolyzed Casein Solution Prepare the solution by mixing 400 g of vitamin-free casein with 2 L of boiling 5 N hydrochloric acid. Autoclave for 10 h at 121°. Concentrate the mixture by distillation under reduced pressure until a thick paste remains. Redissolve the paste in water, adjust the solution to pH 3.5 0.1 with a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide, and dilute with water to a final volume of 4 L. Add 80 g of activated charcoal, stir for 1 h, and filter. Repeat the treatment with activated charcoal. Filter the solution if a precipitate forms on storage. 

GTE lysis buffer—Dissolve 1.8 g of D-glucose, 0.606 g of Tris free base, and 0.744 g of disodium EDTA 2H20 in 150 ml of distilled water. Adjust the pH to 8.0 with dilute HC1. Bring the final volume of the solution to 200 ml with distilled water. Autoclave the solution and store at 4°C. If you wish, you may add lysozyme to this solution to a final concentration of 10 pg/ml. We find that this is not necessary. 

Washing solution 20 x SSC buffer standard sodium citrate solution for a 20x SSC solution dissolve 701.28 g NaCl and 352.92 g NaCitrate in a recipe to make 4 1 (check to have pH to 7.0) and bring final volume to 4 1, then Autoclave the solution in order to be RNAse free). 

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