Australia, pyrethroid resistance

Australia. Pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis spp. was first documented in Australia during the 1982-1983 production season, when field control failures occurred against Heliothis armigera (2). Daly and Murray (341, in a thorough evaluation of hypotheses proposed on the evolution of resistance in Australia, concluded that an increase in the frequency of resistance genes in the Emerald area was a result of interactions between high selection pressure, population density, crop phenology and weather, but the evolution of resistance elsewhere was independent of the situation in Emerald. 

Forrester, N.W., Bird, I..J. and I dryland, J.K. (1993). Management of pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance in UeiicoveriHi arm gem (Lepidoptera Noctuidne) in Australia. Section 10. Pyrethroid resistance resistance breaking pyrethmids. Bull. Entomoi. Res. (supplement l. September), 132 pp. 

Gunning. R.V., Easton. C.S.. Greenup. L.R. and Edge. V.K. (1984). Pyrethroid resistance in Hell otitis armigeru (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Australia. / Peon. Etna-mal. 77, 1283 I2B7. 

So far, pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis spp. has been documented in six countries (Table I). In Australia there has been a slow but relentless decline in the effectiveness of the pyrethroids despite the early implementation of a resistance management program. In Thailand and Turkey resistance seems to be relatively widespread and has affected cotton production in most areas. In Colombia it seems too early to tell how widespread it is. In the United States, it still seems to be confined to localized areas under... 

In January of 1984, following the documentation of field resistance in fl. armioera in Australia, seven prominent entomologists (F. L. Carter, D. F. Clower, J. R. Phillips, F. w. Plapp, H. T. Reynolds, R. T. Roush, T. C. Sparks) from major cotton producing states issued a warning about the potential for pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis spp.. It was a timely statement. 

A recent study in Australia demonstrated that PBO effectively synergizes the toxicity of the pyrethroids cypermethrin. del tame l hr in. cyhalothrin and alpha-cypennclhrin against the sheep body louse. Bovioolu avis (Levot, 1994). Cypermethrin synergized with PBO is now an established means of controlling resistant sheep body liee in Australia. 

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