Attenuation of solar radiation

The attenuation of solar radiation has been studied by McCormick and his associates (11, 12) using the Voltz sun photometer, which makes mea-... 

Lean, D. 1998. Attenuation of solar radiation in humic waters. In Aquatic Humic Substances (D. O. Hessen, and L. J. Tranvik, Eds.), pp. 109-124. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Figure 9.3 Attenuation of solar radiation by atmospheric gases [4]...

As far as the attenuation of solar radiation is concerned, absorption by N02 and S02 is not significant in the troposphere, because of their very small number densities. The very weak absorption by in the Chappuis bands is also insignificant. 

Figure 2.37. Attenuation of solar radiation as a function of penetration into a biohydrogen reactor containing partly modified cultures of Rho-dobacter spheroides. Reprinted from J. Miyake, M. Miyake, Y. Asada (1999). Biotechnological hydrogen production research for efficient light energy conversion. Journal of Biotechnology 70, 89-101, with permission from Elsevier.

Part of the solar radiation entering the earth s atmosphere is scattered and absorbed by air and water vapor molecules, dust particles, and water droplets in the clouds, and thus the solar radiation incident on earth s surface is less than tlie solar couslanl. The extent of the attenuation of solar radiation depends on the length of the path of the rays through the atmosphere as well as the composition of the atmosphere (the cloud.s, dust, humidity, and smog) along the path. Most ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the ozone in the upper atmosphere. At a solar altitude of 41.8°, the total energy of direct solar radiation incident at sea level on a clear day consists of about 3 percent ultraviolet, 38 percent visible, and 59 percent infrared radiation. 

V.N. Pelevin, V.A. Rutkovskaya (1977). On the optical classification of ocean waters from the spectral attenuation of solar radiation. Oceanology, 17,28-32. 

The behavior of the total 02 photodissociation coefficient in the stratosphere is shown in Fig. 2-12. The strong decrease of the value toward lower altitudes by more than five orders of magnitude is due to the attenuation of solar radiation by both oxygen and ozone. In fact, j 02) depends sensitively on the amount and the distribution of ozone assumed in the calculation. Uncertainties arise also from computational problems at high degrees of attenuation in the lower stratosphere. Figure 2-12 thus indicates a range of values. 

TABLE 1.2 Attenuation of Solar Radiation by the Atmosphere as a Function of Altitude... 

Lean D (1998) Attenuation of solar radiation in humic waters. In Hessen DO.Tranvik LJ... 

The mass here refers to the fluid constituent being observed, whether that be BOD, temperature, sediment particles, or other materials. The net mass flux enters the control volume by convection (velocities in the fluid) and molecular diffusion, assumed to follow a Fickian law as in Eq. (1). Internal sources and sinks may include deposition, chemical or biological reactions, attenuation of solar radiation, radioactive decay, or other processes. 

When the attenuation of solar radiation penetrating to the earth s atmosphere is caused by the absorption of O2 and O3, the solar irradiance at the altitude zq and wavelength X on the surface perpendicular to the sun is expressed according to the Beer-Lambert law. 

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