Attenuation mechanisms/processes

In absorption spectroscopy a beam of electromagnetic radiation passes through a sample. Much of the radiation is transmitted without a loss in intensity. At selected frequencies, however, the radiation s intensity is attenuated. This process of attenuation is called absorption. Two general requirements must be met if an analyte is to absorb electromagnetic radiation. The first requirement is that there must be a mechanism by which the radiation s electric field or magnetic field interacts with the analyte. For ultraviolet and visible radiation, this interaction involves the electronic energy of valence electrons. A chemical bond s vibrational energy is altered by the absorbance of infrared radiation. A more detailed treatment of this interaction, and its importance in deter-... 

Prior to deposition on a moving belt or screen, the molten polymer threads from a spinnerette must be attenuated to orient the molecular chains of the fibers in order to increase fiber strength and decrease extendibiUty. This is accompHshed by hauling the plastic fibers off immediately after they have exited the spinnerette. In practice this is done by accelerating the fibers either mechanically (18) or pneumatically (17,19,20). In most processes, the fibers are pneumatically accelerated in multiple filament bundles however, other arrangements have been described wherein a linearly aligned row(s) of individual filaments is pneumatically accelerated (21,22). 

A family of 100 hybridoma antibodies can typically provide 20 tight binders and these need to be assayed for catalysis. At this stage in the production of an abzyme, the benefit of a sensitive, direct screen for product formation comes into its own. Following identification of a successful catalyst, the antibody is usually recloned to ensure purity and stabilization of the clone, then protein is produced in larger amount (—10 mg) and used for determination of the kinetics and mechanism of the catalysed process by classical biochemistry. Digestion of such protein with trypsin or papain provides fragment antibodies, Fabs, that contain only the attenuated upper limbs of the intact IgG (Fig. 1). It is these components that have been crystallized, in some... 

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