Atomic systems light mapping

The location of the hydrogen atoms in hydrogen bonded systems is often difficult to ascertain. When X-ray diffraction is used there is an experimental limitation to face, as it is usually difficult to locate the very light H-atom in Fourier maps and, even when this is possible, the technique can provide information on electron density centroids rather than on the position of the light nucleus. Neutron diffraction is required for an unambiguous location of the H-atom. In ionic hydrogen bonds the situation may occur where a knowledge of the proton position in a donor-acceptor system is necessary to know whether proton transfer, i.e. protonation of a suitable base, has occurred or not. 

The generation of the pure TPE state is an example of mapping of a state of quantum correlated light onto an atomic system. The two-photon correlations... 

Kozhekin et al. [38] proposed a method of mapping of quantum states onto an atomic system based on the stimulated Raman absorption of propagating quantum light by a cloud of three-level atoms. Hald et al. [40] have experimentally observed the squeezed spin states of a system of three-level atoms driven by a squeezed held. The observed squeezed spin states have been generated via entanglement exchange with the squeezed held completely absorbed in the process. Fleishhauer et al. [39] have considered a similar system of three-level atoms and have found that quantum states of single-photon helds can be mapped onto collective states of the atomic system. In this case the quantum state of the held is stored in a dark state of the collective states of the system. 

For measuring the topology of the fracture surface (i.e. roughness), direct contact profilometry, laser profilometry, or the atomic force microscopy are available (6). With the help of a coordinate system, contour maps of the fracture surface can be drawn based on roughness data or through-focus procedures for the light microscope. 

We will discuss the case where the motion of heavy atoms is confined to two dimensions, while the motion of light atoms can be either two- or three-dimensional. It will be shown that the Hamiltonian 10.76 with Ues in 10.44 supports the first-order quantum gas-crystal transition at T = 0 [68], This phase transition resembles the one for the flux lattice melting in superconductors, where the flux lines are mapped onto a system of bosons interacting via a two-dimensional Yukawa potential [73]. In this case Monte Carlo studies [74,75] identified the first-order liquid-crystal transition at zero and finite temperatures. Aside from the difference in the interaction potentials, a distinguished feature of our system is related to its stability. The molecules can undergo collisional relaxation into deeply bound states, or form weakly bound trimers. Another subtle question is how dilute the system should be to enable the use of the binary approximation for the molecule-molecule interaction, leading to Equations 10.76 and 10.44. 

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