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Atom confinement reflection

An important issue in the thermodynamics of confined fluids concerns their symmetry which is lower than that of a corresponding homogeneous bulk phase because of the presence of the substrate and its inherent atomic structure [52]. The substrate may also be nonplanar (see Sec. IV C) or may consist of more than one chemical species so that it is heterogeneous on a nanoscopic length scale (see Sec. VB 3). The reduced symmetry of the confined phase led us to replace the usual compressional-work term —Pbuik F in the bulk analogue of Eq. (2) by individual stresses and strains. The appearance of shear contributions also reflects the reduced symmetry of confined phases. [Pg.11]

Since the copper has a much lower resistance than the cobalt, the majority electrons that are confined to the copper layers will make a large contribution to the conductivity as can be seen in Figure 9. The contribution is lower when the cobalt moments are antiparallel because the electrons with large values of ky will only undergo total internal reflection on one side. The wave guide effect is most effective in increasing the GMR when the interfaces are smooth on an atomic scale, because it depends on the conservation of k,. [Pg.273]

The effect on structure of confining block copolymers in thin films has been examined, largely using neutron reflectivity and atomic force microscopy. A number of features that result from the constraint of reduced dimensionality have been reported, such as the observation of islands and holes at the surface... [Pg.5]

Two independent sets of ionization radii for all atoms have been calculated [53, 7] using exponential parameters p = 20 and 100, respectively. In both cases a clear periodic relationship appears, but the values at p = 100 are consistently lower. This observation reflects the steepness of the barrier that confines the valence electron, shown schematically in Figure 5.1. [Pg.161]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the apparatus. The superconducting magnetic coils create trapping potential that confines atoms near the focus of the 243 nm laser beam. The beam is focused to a 50 pm waist radius and retro-reflected to allow for Doppler-free excitation. After excitation, fluorescence is induced by an applied electric field. A small fraction of the 122 nm fluorescence photons are counted on a microchannel plate detector. Not shown is the trapping cell which surrounds the sample and is thermally anchored to a dilution refrigerator. The actual trap is longer and narrower than indicated in the diagram... Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the apparatus. The superconducting magnetic coils create trapping potential that confines atoms near the focus of the 243 nm laser beam. The beam is focused to a 50 pm waist radius and retro-reflected to allow for Doppler-free excitation. After excitation, fluorescence is induced by an applied electric field. A small fraction of the 122 nm fluorescence photons are counted on a microchannel plate detector. Not shown is the trapping cell which surrounds the sample and is thermally anchored to a dilution refrigerator. The actual trap is longer and narrower than indicated in the diagram...
A second linearly independent solution of Kummer s equation, conventionally denoted U(a, b, x), is not regular at the origin and can often be excluded on physical grounds. However, as we have shown recently [2-4], when a normal hydrogen atom is confined inside a finite sphere or spherical shell, its radial eigenfunctions may involve U(a,b, x) or a combination of two linearly independent solutions of Kummer s equation, chosen so as to satisfy the boundary conditions which reflect the particular confinement considered. We have felt it necessary to address this choice in Section 2 of the present work. [Pg.174]


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Atom confinement

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