Artificial sequences

After power production, the released water is superimposed on the reduced discharge and causes unnatural flow characteristics in the river below the outlet so-called hydro-peaking, an artificial sequence of low and high flow in a regular rhythm during workdays (Fig. 2b). As Fig. 3 illustrates, the hydro-peaking... 

Ribozymes acting on nucleotide sequences have often been selected from random libraries, and many artificial sequences have been obtained. Landweber and Porovskaya (212) recently reported the selection of a family of small ribozymes from a 1.6 X 10 -member, 132-mer hbrary L23 able to ligate multiple RNA substrates. In vitro selection was performed with three different RNA substrates for six cycles in the presence of Mg (step a, Fig. 10.33), and multiple substrates were used to select for... 

Since pathways collected with transition path sampling are true dynamical trajectories rather than artificial sequences of states such as minimum energy pathways, they can be used to study the kinetics of the reaction. In the following we will first define reaction rate constants and explain how they are related... 

Consensus sequence For a group of nucleotide or amino acid sequences that show similarity but are not identical (e.g., the sequences for a family of related regulatory gene sequences), an artificial sequence that is compiled by choosing at each position the residue that is found there mot often in the sequences under study. 

Artificial endonucleases, ie, molecules able to cleave double-stranded DNA at a specific sequence, have also been developed. These endonucleases can be obtained by attaching a chemically reactive group to a sequence-specific oligonucleotide. When the oligonucleotide is bound to its complementary sequence, the activation of the reactive group results in double-stranded DNA cleavage. 

This is not a method of providing an artificial neutral, as in the previous case, but to detect an unbalance or residual voltage (zero sequence voltage) in a three-phase three-wire or a three-phase four-wire ungrounded system. The residual or zero sequence voltage that may appear across the open delta will be the reflection of an unbalance or a ground fault in the system (Figure 20.10). Also refer to. Section 15.4.1 for more details. 

If DNA from two different species are mixed, denatured, and allowed to cool slowly so that reannealing can occur, artificial hybrid duplexes may form, provided the DNA from one species is similar in nucleotide sequence to the DNA of the other. The degree of hybridization is a measure of the sequence similarity or relatedness between the two species. Depending on the conditions of the experiment, about 25% of the DNA from a human forms hybrids with mouse DNA, implying that some of the nucleotide sequences (genes) in humans are very similar to those in mice. Mixed RNA DNA hybrids can be created in vitro if single-stranded DNA is allowed to anneal with RNA copies of itself, such as those formed when genes are transcribed into mRNA molecules. 

Recognition of DNA sequence and molecular design of artificial repressors, pyrrole-imidazole polyamides, and calicheamycin derivatives 97YGK384. 

Recognition of DNA sequence and DNA bending and molecular design for artificial repressors 97YGK384. 

Fig. 15 Amino acid sequences of artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) proteins. Each protein contains a TV tag, a histidine tag, a cleavage site, and elastin-like domains with lysine residues for crosslinking. The RGD cell-binding domain is found in aECM 1, whereas aECM 3 contains the CS5 cell-binding domain. aECM 2 and aECM 4 are the negative controls with scrambled binding domains for aECM 1 and aECM 3, respectively. Reprinted from [121] with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2004...

An alternative approach is to synthesize an artificial gene in the test-tube starting with the appropriate deoxyribonucleotides. This approach, which demands that the entire amino acid sequence be known, has been used to clone genes encoding proteins 200 amino acids long. 

---