Aristolochic acids sources

Aristolochic acids and aristolactams presently known and characterized, together with their sources, include (68)—(83). 

Table 5 summarizes the occurrence of fourteen alkyl esters of aristolochic acids in Aristolochia species. It is noted that all the reported aristolochic acid alkyl esters are methyl esters except 32 which is an ethyl ester of aristolochic acid la with an ethoxy group at C-8 [129]. Compounds 25-31 are methyl esters of reported aristolochic acids whereas compounds 33-38 are methyl esters of non reported aristolochic acids. Among alkyl esters of aristolochic acids reported so far aristolochic acid I methylester (28) and aristolochic acid IV methylester (30) are frequently encountered in Aristolochia species. Formosan Aristolochia species are known to be rich source for alkyl esters of aristolochic acids, particularly A. zollingeriana [171,223] and A. cucurbitifolia [56,159]. 

A. heterophylla [249,251] and a diterpene ester of aristolochic acid from the roots and stems of A. elegans [252] and thus, A. heterophylla is considered to be a rich source of sesquiterpene esters of aristolochic acids. Aristoloterpenate I (40) and III (42) are esters of aristolochic acid I (5) with the sesquiterpenes, madolin M (305) and L (306), respectively, whereas aristoloterpenate II (39) and IV (41) are esters of aristolochic acid II (1) [249]. In these four esters C-ll of the aristolochic acid and C-4 of sesquiterpene were involved in the ester linkage. The stereochemistry at... 

Nitrocompounds Aristolochic acid I (D 22.1.2) Taken up by larvae of the butterfly Pcichlioptera aristolochiae from food source (Aristolochiaceae), feeding deterrent... 

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