Archaea family

Haloferax mediterranei ATCC 33500, a member of the Archaea family, was used to produce PHA using a mixture of extruded rice bran (ERB) and extruded cornstarch (ECS) as carbon source (Huang et al. 2006). This strain caimot use native rice bran or cornstarch as C-sources. By employing pH-stat control strategy in a 5-L jar bioreactor using ERB ECS (1 8 g g ) as the major carbon source, the authors obtained a cell concentration of 140 g L , PHA concentration of 77.8 g L, and PHA content of 55.6 wt% in a repeated fed-batch fermentation. Otherwise when ECS was used as the major carbon source, a 62.6 g L cell concentration, 24.2 g PHA concentration, and 38.7 wt% PHA content were achieved. ... 

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of A -piperidein-2-carboxylate to piperidine-2-car-boxylate (r-pipecolate) in the catabolism of o-lysine by Pseudomonas putida ATCC12633 is an NADPH-dependent representative of a large family of reductases that are distributed among bacteria and archaea (Muramatsu et al. 2005). It also catalyzes the reduction of A -pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate to L-proline. 

ABC transporters involved in the uptake of siderophores, haem, and vitamin B]2 are widely conserved in bacteria and Archaea (see Figure 10). Very few species lack representatives of the siderophore family transporters. These species are mainly intracellular parasites whose metabolism is closely coupled to the metabolism of their hosts (e.g. mycoplasma), or bacteria with no need for iron (e.g. lactobacilli). In many cases, several systems of this transporter family can be detected in a single species, thus allowing the use of structurally different chelators. Most systems were exclusively identified by sequence data analysis, some were biochemically characterised, and their substrate specificity was determined. However, only very few systems have been studied in detail. At present, the best-characterised ABC transporters of this type are the fhuBCD and the btuCDF systems of E. coli, which might serve as model systems of the siderophore family. Therefore, in the following sections, this report will mainly focus on the components that mediate ferric hydroxamate uptake (fhu) and vitamin B12 uptake (htu). 

The phyletic distributions of families (E, eukaryota M, metazoa F, fungi P, Viridiplantae (plants) B, bacteria, A., archaea) and the numbers of proteins (domains) detected in the S. cerevisiae ( yeast ) and C. elegans ( worm ) genomes are shown. The rightmost column contains a representative PDB code for determined tertiary structures of the domain family, if known. 

II. Domain Families in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya A. Horizontal Gene Transfer... 

To understand general principles of protein evolution it is instructive to focus on specific examples. Here, VWA and other domains are discussed as representative families that are present in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. 

The F-, V-, and A-ATPases constitute a family of ATP hydrolysis-driven ion pumps which are found in Archaea, eubacteria, simple eukaryotes such as yeast, and higher eukaryotes including plants and mammals. The family of ion pumps is divided into three subfamilies the F-ATPases (which function mainly as ATP synthases), the vacuolar ATPases (which function solely as ATP hydrolysis-driven ion pumps) and the Archaeal A-type ATPases (whose function can be either in the direction of ATP synthesis or hydrolysis). All three members of the family are evolutionarily related, and it is believed that the three subfamilies have arisen from a common ancestor. 

Oesterhelt, D. (1998). The structure and mechanism of the family of retinal proteins from halophilic archaea. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8, 489-500. 

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