Aquatic chemistry

W. Stumm andJ.J. Moigym, Aquatic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1981. 

W. Stumm and J. J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry. Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters,... 

Research into the aquatic chemistry of plutonium has produced information showing how this radioelement is mobilized and transported in the environment. Field studies revealed that the sorption of plutonium onto sediments is an equilibrium process which influences the concentration in natural waters. This equilibrium process is modified by the oxidation state of the soluble plutonium and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Higher concentrations of fallout plutonium in natural waters are associated with higher DOC. Laboratory experiments confirm the correlation. In waters low in DOC oxidized plutonium, Pu(V), is the dominant oxidation state while reduced plutonium, Pu(III+IV), is more prevalent where high concentrations of DOC exist. Laboratory and field experiments have provided some information on the possible chemical processes which lead to changes in the oxidation state of plutonium and to its complexation by natural ligands. 

The major source of plutonium in natural waters is the atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests. Fallout plutonium is ubiquitous in marine and freshwater environments of the world with higher concentrations in the northern hemisphere where the bulk of nuclear weapons testing occurred(3). Much of the research on the aquatic chemistry of plutonium takes place in marine and freshwater systems where only fallout is present. 

Stumm, W. Morgan, J. J., Eds. "Aquatic Chemistry" John Wiley Sons New York, 1981. 

Stum, M. and Morgan, J. Aquatic Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New Yorlq NY, 1970. 

Morel, F. M. M. (1983). "Principles of Aquatic Chemistry." Wiley, New York. 

Skipper HD, Gilmour CM, Furtick WR (1967) Microbial versus chemical degradation of atrazine in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 31 653-656 Sliwinski MK, Goodman RM (2004) Comparison of cienarchaeal consortia inhabiting the rhizosphere of diverse terrestrial plants with those in bulk soil in native environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 1821-1826 Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1996). Aquatic chemistry - chemical equlibrium and rates in Natural Waters (3rd edn). Wiley, New York Vega D, Bastide J (2003) Dimethylphthalate hydrolysis by specific microbial esterase. Chemosphere 51 663-668... 

Pankow, J. F. Aquatic Chemistry Concepts Lewis Publishers Chelsea, MI, 1991, Chap. 12. 

The relative advantages and disadvantages ofvoltammetric and atomic absorption methodologies are listed below. It is concluded that for laboratories concerned with aquatic chemistry of metals (which includes seawater analysis), instrumentation for both AAS (including potentialities for graphite furnace AAS as well as hydride and cold vapour techniques) and voltammetry should be available. This offers a much better basis for a problem-orientated application of both methods, and provides the important potentiality to compare the data obtained by one method with that obtained in an independent manner by the other, an approach that is now common for the establishment of accuracy in high-quality trace analysis. 

Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic chemistry an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York... 

Shephard, B.K., A.W. McIntosh, G.J. Atchison, and D.W. Nelson. 1980. Aspects of the aquatic chemistry of cadmium and zinc in a heavy metal contaminated lake. Water Res. 14 1061-1066. 

Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan (1981), Aquatic Chemistry An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters, John Wiley Sons, New York, p. 780. 

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