Group 13 elements aqua ions

Among the elements in groups IB and 2B, which form bonds of a more covalent character, several investigations have been reported for the copper(II) ion, which has the same distorted octahedral coordination as in the solid state (Table III). The silver ion does not form discrete aqua ions in the solid state, but occurs as Ag(H20)4+ in aqueous perchlorate solutions, with Ag—H20 bond lengths of 2.4 A, expected for a tetrahedrally coordinated Ag+ ion (19, 42). 

This chapter consists of a description of the ions formed in aqueous solutions by the transition elements - the d-block elements - and a discussion of the variations of their redox properties across the Periodic Table from Group 3 to Group 12. There is particular emphasis on the first transition series from scandium to zinc in the fourth period, with summaries of the solution chemistry of the second (Y to Cd) and third (Lu to Hg) series. The d-block ions in solution are those restricted solely to aqua complexes of cations, e.g. [Fe(H20)f,]" +, and the various oxocalions and oxoanions formed, e.g. V02+ and MnCXj". Oxidation states that are not well characterized are omitted or referred to as such. 

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