Applied General Chemistry Two

After studying this chapter, the student will be able to  

Alkane group—family of hydrocarbons that are composed of carbon and hydrogen held together by single covalent bonds. 

Benzene—the most common aromatic hydrocarbon. The benzene molecule has six carbon atoms connected in a ring. Each carbon atom has four bonding sites available in benzene, three are used and one is free. The three bonds are covalent the fourth can be shared by all six carbon atoms. This creates a donut-shaped cloud or aromatic ring. Reactions with benzene are substitution and not addition. 

Covalent bonding—the mechanism of electron sharing that holds atoms together to form molecules. In a covalent bond, atoms share a pair of electrons. 

Cycloalkane family—group of hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of a ring or cycle of carbons from three methylene groups located on the apex of the equilateral triangle. 

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Applied general chemistry and physics are two fundamental courses that have been recommended by industry for inclusion in process technology programs. It is clear that information contained in academic chemistry and physics courses does not address key topics required by the occupation. Also, the process safety management standard requires that process technicians have an understanding of the chemistry and physics associated with the processes they are operating. Figure 2-11 demonstrates how adult learners can use hands-on bench-top operations to understand the science associated with difficult topics. 

Because the two equilibrium constant expressions have similar magnitudes, a solution of the silver-ammonia complex generally has a significant concentration of each of the species that participate in the equilibria. The details of such calculations are beyond the scope of general chemistry. When the solution contains a large excess of ligand, however, each step in the complexation process proceeds nearly to completion. Under these conditions we can apply the standard seven-step approach to a single expression that describes the formation reaction of the complete complex. 

By applying this procedure, nearly two dozen metal cations can be separated from a solution initially containing all of than. Each of the groups can be further analyzed to determine which specific ions are present. The specific procedures for these stqis are found in many general chemistry laboratory manuals. 

As a general rule, adsorbates above their critical temperatures do not give multilayer type isotherms. In such a situation, a porous absorbent behaves like any other, unless the pores are of molecular size, and at this point the distinction between adsorption and absorption dims. Below the critical temperature, multilayer formation is possible and capillary condensation can occur. These two aspects of the behavior of porous solids are discussed briefly in this section. Some lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommendations for the characterization of porous solids are given in Ref. 178. 

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