Applications molecular coupling agents

Salient considerations for the design of the molecular structure and conditions of application for organofunctional silane coupling agents include the following... 

In order to realize, in practice, the coupling effects of silanes, it is necessary to standardize the conditions of application such that the silane is able to provide a molecular bridge without itself becoming a weak interphase between the fiber and matrix. As already mentioned, the principal experimental parameters to be controlled in the application of silane coupling agents on the fibers are the concentration, the solvent, and the treatment time. In order to arrive at the best conditions for each parameter, the IFSS was determined for each set of treatment conditions. Optimization of the conditions of silane application was thus progressively achieved. 

Applications. Some of the very low molecular weight sulphonates (such as sodium diiso-propylnaphthalene sulphonates) are used as dispersants/coupling agents in agrochemical formulations and they are also used to improve wetting and leaf penetration. 

Kawaguchi et al [839] have reviewed the application of ESR for studies of reaction mechanisms of polymer additives (light stabilisers, antioxidants, carbon-black/rubber coupling agent), and of molecular motions of polymers. More recently, more general ESR applications have been reviewed [840]. Various books deal with applications of ESR [841], in particular also in relation to polymer research [842]. 

---