Application of the Flow Model

The diffusion coefficient can be calculated from the predicted granular temperature as (Savage, 1983 Hsiau and Hunt, 1993) 

Because the active layer velocity is about three or four times greater than that in the plug flow region, mixing effects are confined to this region. However, if fine or denser particles are used as tracers, then the velocity distribution will help to determine the extent to which the tracers will travel before percolating down. These scenarios will be the subject of the next chapter. 

Brennen, and R. H. Sabersky. Measurements of velocity, velocity fluctuation, density, and stresses in chute flows of granular materials, J. Applied Mech., 58, 792-803,1991. 

Bagnold. Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solids spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear, Proc. R. Soc, London, A225, 49-63,1954. 

Boateng. Rotary Kiln Transport Phenomena Study of the Bed Motion and Heat Transfer. PhD Dissertation, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1993. 

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A simple application of the flow-model suggests why bioapatite carbonate 8 C values should directly follow the 8 C values for the diet as a whole. Experimentally, this observation seems to be generally confirmed (Ambrose and Norr 1993 Tieszen and Fagre 1993). In terms of the flow-model, it is... 

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