Application of Fluid Mechanics

There are a large number of terms that are used to describe food texture. However, only a few studies have attempted to relate the descriptive words to physical data (Jowitt, 1974). Kokini et al. (1977) examined 12 textural terms and suggested that for liquid and semisolid foods the three terms thick, smooth, and slippery, are adequate. Assuming that as a first approximation of the deformation process, a liquid food is squeezed between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, thickness (jT) is assumed to be related to the shear stress on the tongue, that is  

Assuming that 1, for a Newtonian fluid, the expression for the thickness (T) of a Netvtonian fluid is  

For spreading foods, a torque is applied by the consumer during the spreading action that is equal to shears tress on knife x area of knife x length of knife (Kokini, 1987). Therefore, spreadability is inversely proportional to the shear stress on the knife  

Other sensory terms that cm be related to various physical forces are smoothness and slipperiness  

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Nielsen, P. V., and Ake T. A. Moller. 1988. Measurements on buoyant jet flows from a ceiling-mounted slot diffuser. In The. 3rd Seminar on Applications of Fluid Mechanics in E,in,-irotimeru tal Protection-88. Selesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland. 

J.C. Hunsaker B.G. Richtmire, "Engineering Applications of Fluid Mechanics ,... 

The principles of physics most useful in the applications of fluid mechanics are the mass-balance, or continuity, equations the linear- and angular-raomentum-balance equations and the mechanical-energy balance. They may be written in differential form, showing conditions at a point within a volume element of fluid, or in integrated form applicable to a finite volume or mass of fluid. Only the integral equations are discussed in this chapter. 

Hunsaker, J. C., and B. G. Rightmire Engineering Applications of Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill,... 

Some of the subdivisions and applications of fluid mechanics are as follows I... 

Rushton J. Applications of fluid mechanics and similitude to scaleup problems part 1. Chem Eng Prog 1952 48(l) 33-8. 

As noted in Chapter 1, filtration is primarily an application of fluid mechanics that is, filtrate flow is induced through a porous filter cake and filter medium. The rate of the filtration process is directly proportional to the driving force and inversely proportional to the resistance. 

Fluid mechanics is the study of forces on fluids, which are both liquids and gases. When there are only liquids involved, the field is hydraulics. An understanding of fluid mechanics is necessary to predict and control the behavior of fluids. Safety engineers encounter many fluid mechanics problems and applications of fluid mechanics. 

Goldstein, AS. and DiMiUa, RA., Application of fluid mechanic and kinetic models to characterize mammalian cell detachment in a radial-flow chamber, Biotechnol Bioeng. 55, 616, 1997. 

As an example, the abihty to use Navier-Stokes equations appropriately is more important, to most practitioners, than the ability to prove them. It is of course very interesting to have reflected upon that proof at some point, but this can be found in other books, and this is not the intended objective of this book. Besides, I will be very happy if this book can prove useful for specialists in fluid mechanics, giving them the opportunity to discover important applications of fluid mechanics in the field of chemical engineering. 

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