Antonow

Various means have been developed for prediciting or calculating a yab or a work of adhesion. Two empirical ones are the following. First, an early relationship is that known as Antonow s rule [13],... 

Show what Sb(A)/A(B) should be according to Antonow s rule. 

Equation XII-20 may be combined with various semiempirical equations. Thus if Antonow s rule applies (Eq. IV-8), one obtains... 

Antonow, J.A., Smith, A.B. and Silver, M.P. (2000). Medication error reporting A survey of nursing staff. J. Nursing Care Quality 15 42 18. 

The interfacial tension yAB between two liquids with surface tension yA and yB is of interest in such systems as emulsions and wetting (Adamson and Gast, 1997 Chattoraj and Birdi, 1984 Somasundaran, 2006). An empirical relation was suggested (Antonow s rule), by which one can predict the surface tension yAB ... 

Antonow s rule can be understood in terms of a simple physical picture. There should be an adsorbed film or Gibbs monolayer of substance B (the one of lower surface tension) on the surface of liquid A. If we regard this film as having the properties of bulk liquid B, then y A(B) is effectively the interfacial tension of a duplex surface and would be equal to [Y a(b> + Yb[Pg.37]

A very significant observation connecting the interfacial tension between two liquid phases in equilibrium with the surface tension of each separately against the vapour phase was discovered by Antonow. The interfacial tension is equal to the difference between the two surface tensions. It is important to notice that we must deal with phases in equilibrium, since it often happens that the tension of the one pure liquid is greatly reduced by the addition of the second even though the solubility may be exceedingly small In the extreme case, the solubility of one phase in the other is too small to be measured, as in the case of palmitic acid in water, but the surface tension of the solvent may, as we have already seen, nevertheless be reduced very much. The following examples may be quoted in support of Antonow s rule. 

Reynolds excepts from the general validity of Antonow s rule the tension of mercury and amalgams against certain electrolytes and immiscible liquids which react chemically. It is clear that the rule would be difficult to verify satisfactorily in the latter case with mercury in contact with aqueous solutions (or with water) the apparent deviation from the rule is. probably to be accounted for by consideration of the electro-capillary effects (Oh. vn). 

Antonow s rule is tlius only exact when the two mutually saturated liquids possess the same density. The observed values of cti2 should in general be slightly less than those determined from — In the case of oleic acid floating on water Devaux obtained a lens thickness of OT cm. Since p — 0 90 the interfacial surface tension should be O M dyne less than the value obtained with the aid of Antonow s rule. 

The decrease of interfacial tension with rising temperature might normally be ascribed to increase in solubility. We have unfortunately no data with which to compare the interfacial tensions directly with solubility of a pair of partially soluble liquids at different temperatures, but from the results of Whatmough on the surface tensions of such phase pairs we can calculate the interfacial tensions from Antonow s rule. The following values are interpolated from his results. 

Some interesting conclusions may be drawn from a consideration of the magnitude of the interfacial surface tensions of various liquids. The significance of these was first pointed out by Hardy Froc. Roy. Soc. A, Lxxxviii. 303, 1913) and emphasised by Harkins J.A.G.S. XXXVIII. 228,1916 xlil 700,1920). We have noted that Antonow s rule only applies to mutually saturated solutions. If two... 

As a rule the solutes which are positively adsorbed by solid adsorbents are negatively adsorbed at a gas-liquid interface. Such behaviour is in agreement with Antonow s rule that... 

Now Antonow s rule appears to be valid for two liquids provided that saturation be carefully defined and it is true for solid and liquid interfaces provided that the angle of contact be zero. 

Antonow DR. Acute pancreatitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ann Intern Med 1986 104(3) 363-5. 

A. Winter, Antonow s rule 85 Years Later, in Heterog. Chem. Revs. 2 (1995) 269-308. Lord Rayleigh. PhiL Mag. 151 30 (1890) 456. 

It can be derived from Antonow s rule, 15.7.4], applying it to partial wetting but accounting for the adhesion between solid and liquid, assuming it to be dominated by the Van der Waals, or dispersion, parts of the surface tensions, y and y. Various studies have shown that [5.7.5] is quite effective for materials that mainly interact through dispersion forces and that it remains a reasonable approximation for systems in which other interactions also operate. The root in the r.h.s. of [5.7.5] stems from the assumption that Berthelot s principle may be applied. In sec. 2.11b we argued that this principle may be applied only to the energetic part of the interfacial tensions and that a more correct form is... 

Antonow s rule. The rule states that the interfacial tension of two liquids in equilibrium is equal to the difference between the surface tensions. 

The precise relation between the surface tensions of the two liquids separately against theory vapor and the interfacial tension between the two liquids depends on the chemical constitution and orientation of the molecules at the surfaces. In many cases, a rule proposed by Antonow holds true with considerable success. 

At the interfaces between two liquids an empirical rule, Antonow s rule, is often valid. According to this rule, the interfacial energy a, equals the difference between the surface tensions of more polar (a,) and less polar (a2) liquids, namely... 

---