Anthocyanin-derived pigments, in red wines

Mateus, N. et al.. Occurrence of anthocyanin-derived pigments in red wines. /. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 4836, 2001. 

Romero, C. Bakker, J. Interactions between grape anthocyanins and pyruvic acid, with effect of pH and acid concentration on anthocyanin composition and color in model solutions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 3130-3139. Mateus, N. Silva, A. M. S. Vercauteren, J. De Freitas, V. A. P. Occurrence of anthocyanin-derived pigments in red wines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49,4836-4840. 

Pati, S. et al.. Simultaneous separation and identification of oligomeric procyanidins and anthocyanin-derived pigments in raw red wine by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS, J. Mass Spectrom., 41, 861, 2006. 

Vivar-Quintana, A.M. et al.. Formation of anthocyanin-derived pigments in experimental red wines. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 5, 347, 1999. 

Figure 6.28. Fragmentation spectra of (epi)catechin-Pn-3-glu (M+ at m/z 751), Mv-3-glu-8-ethyl-(epi)catechin (M+ at m/z 809) and Mv-3-glu-8-vinyl(epi)catechin (M+ at m/z 805). (Reprinted from Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 41, Pati et al., Simultaneous separation and identification of oligomeric procyanidins and anthocyanin-derived pigments in raw red wine by HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn, p. 867, Copyright 2006, with permission from John Wiley Sons, Ltd.)...

Hayasaka, Y. and Asenstorfer, R.E., Screening for potential pigments derived from anthocyanins in red wine using nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 756, 2002. 

The synthesis of two new red wine pigments by nucleophilic addition of vinylphenols to malvidin 3-glucoside has been described. The structures of the two new pigments and their formation are shown in Fig. 2.105. HPLC-DAD and HPLCMS confirmed the occurrence of these two anthocyanin derivatives in red wine [239],... 

Other pigment families have been shown to occur in red wine, like anthocyanin oligomers (Salas et al. 2005 Vidal et al. 2004a), caftaric acid-anthocyanin adducts (Sarni-Manchado et al. 1997) or catechin-pyrylium derived pigments (i.e., oaklins) resulting from the reaction between catechin and wood aldehydes, like coniferalde-hyde or sinapaldehyde (de Ereitas et al. 2004 Sousa et al. 2005). These... 

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