Annealing, defined

The specific resistance of the International Annealed Copper Standard copper is reported as 1.682 x 10 H at 20°C, which is defined as a... 

With simulated annealing, an energy term E is defined, which then becomes the performance index to be minimized. For a given energy change AE at temperature T, the probability P of accepting a solution is... 

The present review shows how the microhardness technique can be used to elucidate the dependence of a variety of local deformational processes upon polymer texture and morphology. Microhardness is a rather elusive quantity, that is really a combination of other mechanical properties. It is most suitably defined in terms of the pyramid indentation test. Hardness is primarily taken as a measure of the irreversible deformation mechanisms which characterize a polymeric material, though it also involves elastic and time dependent effects which depend on microstructural details. In isotropic lamellar polymers a hardness depression from ideal values, due to the finite crystal thickness, occurs. The interlamellar non-crystalline layer introduces an additional weak component which contributes further to a lowering of the hardness value. Annealing effects and chemical etching are shown to produce, on the contrary, a significant hardening of the material. The prevalent mechanisms for plastic deformation are proposed. Anisotropy behaviour for several oriented materials is critically discussed. 

Experience shows that the density of Ob-vacs can be varied by changing the anneal temperature or the anneal time [66], Wendt et al. [18] assessed this systematically by demonstrating a linear dependence of the Ob-vac density (measured by STM) on the sample history, the latter being defined as the anneal temperature x anneal time. 

Several structure sizes caused by microphase separation occurring in the induction period as well as by crystallization were determined as a function of annealing time in order to determine how crystallization proceeds [9,18]. The characteristic wavelength A = 27r/Qm was obtained from the peak positions Qm of SAXS while the average size of the dense domains, probably having a liquid crystalline nematic structure as will be explained later, was estimated as follows. The dense domain size >i for the early stage of SD was calculated from the spatial density correlation function y(r) defined by Debye and Buche[50]... 

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