Anisotropic reentry

What is the role of the gap junctions By coupling the myocardial cells in both directions (longitudinal and transverse) they are responsible for the biophysical properties of the tissue. A reduction in gap junction distribution or a closure of the gap junction channels causes nonuniformities and discontinuities which alter the biophysical properties of the tissue and make it more prone to nonuniform anisotropic reentry. According to the model proposed by Krinsky [1966], a reduction in gap junctions or a closure of gap junction channels will lead to local slowing of conduction, thereby allowing smaller perimeters of reentrant arrhythmia. In addition, slowing of conduction is generally believed to be a risk factor for initiation of reentry. Since in many... 

Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous anisotropic material such as a fiber-reinforced composite material is a very complex subject. However, its study is motivated by many important applications such as the use of fiber-reinforced composites in reentry vehicle nosetips, heatshields, and other protective systems. Chou [6-56] gives an introduction to analysis of wave propagation in composite materials. Others have applied wave propagation theory to shell stress problems. 

Spach MS, Dolber PC, Heidlage JF Influence of the passive anisotropic properties on directional differences in propagation following modification of the sodium conductance in human atrial muscle. A model of reentry based on anisotropic discontinuous propagation. Circ Res 1988 62 811-832. Spach MS, Heidlage JF The stochastic nature of cardiac propagation at a microscopic level. Electrical description of myocardial architecture and its application to conduction. Circ Res 1995 76 366-380. Spach MS, Josephson ME Initiating reentry The role of non-uniform anisotropy in small circuits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994 5 182-209. 

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