And structure of sugars

Methods (a) and (3) have been extensively used in the investigation of the structure of sugars. 

Science 200T,21(5512) 2263. (This issue contains a special section entitled Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. It contains articles on the synthesis, structural determination, and functions of sugar-containing molecules and the roles of glycosylation in the immune system). 

M. Gottschaldt, D. Koth, D. Muller, I. Klette, S. Rau, H. Gorls, B. Schafer, R. P. Baum, and S. Yano, Synthesis and structure of novel sugar-substituted bipyridine complexes of rhenium and 99m-technetium, Chem. Eur. 13 (2007) 10273-10280. 

Lespieau, R., Synthesis of Hexitols and Pentitols from Unsaturated Poly-hydric Alcohols, II, 107-118 Levi, Irving, and Purves, Clifford B., The Structure and Configuration of Sucrose (oipta-D-Glucopyranosyl beta-D-Fructofuranoside), IV, 1-35 Liggett, R. W., and Deitz, Victor R., Color and Turbidity of Sugar Products, IX, 247-284... 

The results previously shown for sucrose emphasize that selectivity of thionocarbamate formation is dependent on the configuration and structure of the sugar. Thus the /ra .v-decalin-type system is easily formed on the glucopyran form, whereas the isothiocyanate linked to the fructofuran moiety remains inactive even if the presence of triethylamine in DMF at 80 °C (Scheme 8).37... 

The use of d- and L-prefixes is a nomenclature for orientation of atomic structure of sugar and amino acid molecules. It is a structural definition and is not related to the optical properties. 

DNA (short for 2-deoxyribonucleic acid) is the biological molecule that determines the shape and structure of all organisms. It is found mostly in the nuclei of cells. Each strand of DNA is a polymer that is composed of repeating units, called nucleotides. A single strand of DNA may have more than one million nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three parts a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. 

Debono, M. and Molloy, R.M., Isolation and structure of the novel branched-chain amino sugar derived from antibiotic A35512B, J. Org. Chem., 45, 4685, 1980. 

Carbon also is produced and used in other forms namely, activated carbon, carbon black, and coke, that have many commercial applications. Structurally they are amorphous forms of carbon belonging to the graphites. Activated carbon or activated charcoal has a highly porous honeycomb-like internal structure and adsorbs many gases, vapors, and colloidal solids over its very large internal surface area. Some of its major applications include purification of water and air, air analysis, waste treatment, removal of subur dioxide from stack gases, and decolorization of sugar. 

Alcohols, amines, and thiols add readily to the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group to form hemiacetals, carbinolamines, hemiketals, and hemimercaptals. An example is the formation of ring structures of sugars (Eq. 4-1). Water can also add to carbonyl groups and most aliphatic carbonyl compounds... 

The analysis of crystallographic results shows the important role played by the anomeric center in the structure of sugars. In Table I51"59 are reported the C-C and C-0 bond-lengths in some hexopyranoses in both anomeric forms, and in some disaccharides. 

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