And actinides lasers

Both f-f and f-d transitions have been used for lanthanide and actinide lasers. The spectroscopic properties of these transitions are compared in Table I. Since the d states have shorter lifetimes, faster pumping as well as higher energies are required for excitation. Possible pumping sources include ultrafast flashlamps, other lasers, electron beams, or synchrotron radiation, with one exception, all lanthanide and actinide lasers have been optically pumped. 

Table II lists all types of transitions. lanthanide and actinide laser ions and...

Table II. Electronic transitions and and actinide lasers. ions used for lanthanide...

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