Ampere Avogadro

Alternatively, at point 2 in Fig. 1, the reference material producer could have chosen another traceability route, e.g. a coulometric measurement of the number of atoms of the element under investigation, which would have ended in the product Tt (electric current times time) and hence in amperes and seconds. Ultimately, the end of this traceability chain is then located in the value of the Avogadro constant and the value of the charge of the electron [7],... 

This sentence makes clear that Kekul adheres to the equal volumes, equal molecules principle of Avogadro and Ampere, The principle was used by Laurent (cf. his Chmical Method, pp. 65-68) in his development of consistent formulas. As far as organic chemistry was concerned, the reform had been essentially completed before the Karlsruhe Congress of 1860.—O.T.B.]... 

One coulomb is the amount of charge that passes a point when a one-ampere current flows for one second (1 coulomb = 1 ampere-second). Thus, a current of 96,500 amps flowing for one second contains Avogadro s number of electrons, or one faraday of charge. 

It was reserved to Gerhardt to clearly establish the distinction between atom and molecule to obsetwe the bearing of the discoveries of Avogadro and Ampere upon chemical philosophy and thus to establish the atomic theory as entertained at present. 

A. Avogadro and A. Rigamonti, "Nuclear spin-lattice recovery laws and an experimental condition for an exponential decay," in Magnetic Resonance and Related Phenomena (Proceedings of the XVIIth Congress Ampere, Turku, August, 1972), edited by V. Hovi (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1973), pp. 255-259. 

Cannizzaro, "Considerations" (1872), 946-50. Cannizzaro wrote the four names "Avogadro, Ampere, Krdnig, Clausius" twice (946, 948) in that order, making the point very deliberately. 

Mauskopf, Seymour H. "The Atomic Structural Theories of Ampere and Gau-din Molecular Speculation and Avogadro s Hypothesis." Isis 60 (1969) 61-74. 

Nevertheless, much confusion still remained. For example, very few chemists accepted the EVEN hypothesis as first announced by Avogadro and Ampere. Dumas, one of the few who did, lost his nerve when he ran across elements that yielded what seemed to be highly anomalous atomic weights.The problems would be resolved only when Cannizzaro (figure 2.6) insisted on the correctness of Avogadro s hypothesis and elaborated a method that finally gave a set of correct and consistent atomic weights. It is to Cannizzaro s work that we turn our attention to in the next chapter. 

Unfortunately, the terms in which Avogadro expressed his views were rather obscure and failed to make much impression on the chemists of the day. Two exceptions were the French physicist and chemist Andre Ampere and the Alsatian chemist Charles Gerhardt, both of whom adopted the view that elemental gases were composed of diatomic molecules. 

Thus the Faraday constant is the charge on die electron multiplied by Avogadro s number. By definition, an electrical current (i), measured in amperes (A), is determined as coulombs per second ... 

The gases that obey the three preceding laws are called ideal gases. The mathematical combination of these laws provides the general equation of state for an ideal gas also called the Avogadro-Ampere equation ... 

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