Amorphous nickel phosphorus layer

The films are epitaxial in the sense that the lattice constant is intermediate between those of copper and nickel. As indicated above, that modulated strain is probably responsible for the increased hardness. Other authors (5) have tried to explain similar effects by stating that the layers were specifically oriented. Our example (6) demonstrates that these considerations must be reexamined since it was possible to achieve the effect in a crystalline multilayer deposited on an amorphous nickel-phosphorus underlayer. It appears that layer thickness is the important parameter here. 

The surface activation consisting of zinc deposition, heat treatment, and subsequent leaching of zinc (63, 64) was applied to different amorphous iron-, cobalt-, nickel-, and palladium-based alloys (63, 64). SEM measurements indicated the formation of a porous surface layer. Cyclic voltammetric examinations suggested an increase of surface area by about two orders of magnitude. Heat treatments at higher temperatures resulted in thicker, more porous surface layers and higher electrocatalytic activities (Table II). Palladium-phosphorus alloys with Ni, Pt, Ru, or Rh proved to be the best specimens. Pd-Ni-P with 5% Ni, after treatment at 573 K, exhibited even higher activity than that of the Pt-Pt electrode (Table II). These amorphous alloy electrodes were active in the oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and sodium formate. 

Chromium is enriched in the inner rust layer together with copper and phosphorus. They promote the formation of a dense layer of amorphous FeOOH next to the steel surface. This layer acts as a barrier to the transport of water, oxygen, and pollutants. Nickel is supposed to act by forming insoluble basic sulfates in pores of the rust layer. 

Metals are very commonly used materials in various technologies and applications. Properties of metallic materials are shaped by their composition and structure. Moreover, most natural metals are foxmd in chemical combination with other elements. In the current study, resistance to electrochemical corrosion tests were applied to metallic materials with different properties and structures aluminum (Al), aluminum with a surface layer of oxide aluminum (AI2O3), iron (Fe), S235JR steel, nickel (Ni), microcrystalline nickel (Nim), nanocrystaUine nickel (Nin), and amorphous alloy of phosphorus-nickel (NiP). The choice of these materials was due to the universality of their applications in technology. 

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