Combustion ammonium perchlorate

Price, "Contrasting Patterns in the Behavior of High Explosives , llthSympCombstn (1967), p 695, Fig 4, which shows that for Group 2 explosives deton vel at first increases with density, then it falls, and finally the detonation fails) 10) D. Price et al, "Explosive Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate , Combustion Flame 11, p 419, Figs 5 6 (1967) (Detonation velocity vs density of AP curves show that increase of density above critical values results in failures)... 

D. Price et al, "Explosive Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate , Combustion 8t Flame 11, 415-25 (Oct 1967) 16) C.G. Dunkle, private... 

W.A. Rosser, S.H. Inami, H. Wise, Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Combust. Flame, 12 (1968) 427-435. 

Ammonium perchlorate Hot copper tubing, sugar, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, potassium periodate and permanganate, powdered metals, carbon, sulfur... 

Oxidizers. The characteristics of the oxidizer affect the baUistic and mechanical properties of a composite propellant as well as the processibihty. Oxidizers are selected to provide the best combination of available oxygen, high density, low heat of formation, and maximum gas volume in reaction with binders. Increases in oxidizer content increase the density, the adiabatic flame temperature, and the specific impulse of a propellant up to a maximum. The most commonly used inorganic oxidizer in both composite and nitroceUulose-based rocket propellant is ammonium perchlorate. The primary combustion products of an ammonium perchlorate propellant and a polymeric binder containing C, H, and O are CO2, H2, O2, and HCl. Ammonium nitrate has been used in slow burning propellants, and where a smokeless exhaust is requited. Nitramines such as RDX and HMX have also been used where maximum energy is essential. 

R. H. Waesche, "Workshop in the Relationship of Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition to Dedagration," Proceedings of the 7th JMNNMF Combustion Meeting, Vol. 1, CPIA Pubhcation 204, CPIA, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., 1971, p. 15. 

The fire department blamed the accident on welders cutting in hazardous areas without a fire watch, highly combustible structural components (fiber-glass-resin), high-density storage of highly flammable and detonable material, spilled ammonium perchlorate about the plant, and high w ind conditions. 

F. Solymosi K. Fonagy, Effect of Cadmium Oxide and Cadmium Perchlorate on the Decomposition and Ignition of Ammonium Perchlorate , in 11th Symposium (International) on Combustion, 14 Aug 1966, The Combustion Inst (1967), 429 40) L. LoFiego, Practical... 

Eisel et al, Combustion of Ammonium Perchlorate-Polyurethane Propellants. Pressure, Temperature, and Gas Phase Composition Fluctuations , AIAAJ 10 (12), 1655-61 (Engl) (1972) CA 81, 172450 (1974) 9) L. Lake... 

Powling (P7) recently reported on the results of an extensive study of the combustion characteristics of ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellants. The nature of the chemical processes taking place at the solid-gas interface and the possibility of heat release in the condensed phase were considered. Although the evidence is that some heat release is likely to occur within the solid surface, Powling found that the combustion in all pressure regions appears to be dominated by gas-phase reactions. 

Composite propellants consist of an oxidiser together with a plastic which serves the dual purpose of a binder and a fuel. Other ingredients, such as aluminium, may be added to increase the heat of combustion. The commonest oxidiser is ammonium perchlorate and the method of... 

Akerman, L. A. et al., Combustion, Explos., Shockwaves, 1987, 23, 178 Calcium chloride and oxide catalyse the second, violent, stage of ammonium perchlorate decomposition and increase the shock sensitivity of mixtures with sugar. 

In a review of the course and mechanism of the catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, the considerable effects of metal oxides in reducing the explosion temperature of the salt are described [1], Solymosi s previous work had shown reductions from 440° to about 270° by dichromium trioxide, to 260° by 10 mol% of cadmium oxide and to 200°C by 0.2% of zinc oxide. The effect of various concentrations of copper chromite , copper oxide, iron oxide and potassium permanganate on the catalysed combustion of the propellant salt was studied [2], Similar studies on the effects of compounds of 11 metals and potassium dichromate in particular, have been reported [3], Presence of calcium carbonate or calcium oxide has a stabilising effect on the salt, either alone or in admixture with polystyrene [4],... 

The polymeric hydrocarbon also acts as a binder of the particles, holding them together so as to formulate a propellant grain. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a typical crystalline oxidizer and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is a typical polymeric fuel. When AP and HTPB are decomposed thermally on the propellant surface, oxidizer and fuel gases are produced, which diffuse into each other and react to produce high-temperature combustion gases. 

Levy, J. B., and Friedman, R., Further Studies of Ammonium Perchlorate Deflagration, 8th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Williams Wilkins, Baltimore (1962), pp. 663-672. 

Tanaka, M., and Beckstead, M. W, A Three-Phase Combustion Model of Ammonium Perchlorate, AIAA 96-2888, 32nd AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996. 

Kuwahara, T, and Kubota, N., Low Pressure Burning of Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellants, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 47, 1985, pp. 81-91. 

Kubota, N., Kuwahara, T., Miyazaki, S., Uchiyama, K., and Hirata, N., Combustion Wave Structure of Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellants, Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 2, No. 4,... 

Kubota, N., and Hirata, N., Inhibition Reaction of liF on the Combustion of Ammonium Perchlorate Propellants,... 

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