Ammonia filling density

Table 4. Maximum permitted Filling Densities for Ammonia Shipping Containers and Cylinders.

These containers are frequently filled using liquid volume measurement techniques. For ammonia, a 56 % filling density is equivalent to a liquid volume of 82%. 

Note 7. These containers are normally filled by liquid volume measurement techniques. A 56% filling density is equivalent to 82 liquid volume percent for ammonia. 

Container capacity For liquefied compressed gas containers, a container s capacity refers to the water capacity at 60° F which when multiplied by the authorized filling density for a particular gas equals the contents capacity for that gas. For example, a container with a water capacity of 277.8 pounds filled to the authorized filling density of 54% with ammonia would contain 150 pounds (68 kg) of ammonia. For nonliquefied compressed gas containers, refer to the authorized service pressures in U.S. Department of Transportation and Transport Canada regulations, and to NBS Technical Note... 

The following picture shows electron density surfaces for ammonia, trimethylamine and quinuclidine. The surfaces are qualitatively very similar to the space-filling models. 

Figure 16-10. Left optical absorption spectra for the solvated electron for different densities in SCW at 645K. Solid line, 1.0g/cm3 dotted line, 0.5g/cm3 dashed line, 0.3g/cm3 dot-dashed line, 0.1 g/cm3. Empty circles are for ambient conditions. Right same for SCA at T =1.1 (reduced density are as marked). Filled circle are for the triple point of ammonia. The insert shows the density dependence of the absorption maxima in the low-density interval investigated. SCW diamonds, our work squares and triangles are from experiments. SCA diamonds our work circles experimental data. Left and right figures are from Ref. [27] and [28], respectively...

FIGURE 10.10 (a) Space-filling models, (b) 0.002 e/(ao) electron density isosurfaces, and (c) electrostatic potential energy surfaces for water, ammonia, and methane. 

Figures 10.10a and b show, respectively, space-filling models and electron density isosurfaces plotted at 0.002 e/(tZo) for water, ammonia, and methane. The electron densities plotted here include all of the electrons in the molecule. They are calculated using state-of-the-art ab initio quantum chemical methods (see discussion in Chapter 6).

Thinking Criticaiiy How can you be sure that the collecting pipette was filled with ammonia (NH3) instead of air in step 5 (Hint Air is composed mostly of N2 and O2. Consider the density of the gases involved.)... 

When rotifers are cultured at a constant rotifer density, a tank is filled only partially and rotifers are inoculated at a high density (750 rotifers/mL) (Kotani et aL, 2009). The next day, the increase in rotifer density is compensated by adding new clean water to the culture. The addition of new water keeps the water quality more constant, as metabolites, nitrite and ammonia are diluted daily. The culture can be maintained for 27 days (Kotani et al, 2009). 

---