Ammonia fiber explosion lignocellulosic material

Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) is another physicochemical pretreatment in which lignocellulosic materials are exposed to liquid ammonia at high temperature and pressure for a period of time, and then the pressure is swiftly reduced. A typical dosage is 1-2 kg ammonia/kg dry biomass at 90 °C and residence time of 30 min. To reduce the cost and protect the environment, ammonia must be recycled after the pretreatment. 

---