Aminoglycosides activity

In aminoglycoside-treated animals, the cells can be led to canonical apop-totic death through activation of caspases. Caspase-9 forms an apoptosome complex with cytochrome c and APAF-1 and leads to apoptosis through activation of caspase-3. Aminoglycosides activate caspases in auditory structures conversely, inhibition of caspase activity successfully blocks neomycin-induced vestibulotoxicity. In contrast, apoptotic markers were essentially absent in a mouse model of chronic kanamycin ototoxicity where death of auditory sensory cells ensued via cathepsins. The activation of cathepsin D was accompanied by the nuclear translocation of endonuclease G, necrotic cleavage of PARP, and activation of p,-calpain, all facets of necrotic cell death. 

Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Delgado F, Lucas M. Aminoglycosides activate oxygen metabohtes production in the cochlea of mature and developing rats. Hear Res 1999 136(1-2) 165-8. 

Mingeot-Leclercq,MP,GlupczynskiY,Tulkens PM, Aminoglycosides activity and resistance, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1999,... 

Bodem CR, Lampton LM, Miller DP, et al. Endobronchial pH Relevance to aminoglycoside activity in gram-negative bacillary pneumonia. Am RevRespDis 1983 127 39 1. 

Synthesis of Aminoglycosides Active against Resistant Bacteria. 164... 

Structure-Activity Relationships Among Aminoglycoside Derivatives... 

Norfloxacin (1, R = C2H5, R = H), a typical example, exhibits broad-spectrum activity and is useful in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and urinary infections [7] Lomefloxacin (2), a very recent introduction, is a third-generation product that, given once daily, is especially useful against pathogens resistant to cephalosponns, penicillins, and aminoglycosides [4] Floxacillin (J) is a stable, orally active antibacterial with improved activity over thenonfluonnated product (cloxacillin) [5]... 

Discuss preadministration and ongoing assessment activities the nurse should perform on the patient taking the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. 

Iodoquinol (Yodoxin) and metronidazole (Flagyl) are used to treat intestinal amebiasis. Metronidazole is also used to treat infections caused by susceptible microorganisms and is discussed in Chapter 11. Fkromomycin is an aminoglycoside with amebicidal activity and is used to treat intestinal amebiasis. Chloroquine hydrochloride (Aralen) is used to treat extraintestinal amebiasis. 

Luciferase assay. In this technique, firefly luciferase is used to measure small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a bacterial culture, ATP levels being reduced by the inhibitory action of aminoglycoside antibiotics. This method may find more application in the future as more active and reliable luciferase preparations become available. 

White L.O. Reeves D.S. (1983) Enzymatic assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In Antibiotics Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance (eds A.D. Russell L.B. Quesnel), pp. 199-210. Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 18. London Academic Press. 

These agents are generally effective for susceptible bacteria. The extended-spectrum penicillins are more active against P. aeruginosa and enterococci and are preferred over cephalosporins. They are very useful in renally impaired patients or when an aminoglycoside is to be avoided. 

Only active against gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa. Generally useful for nosocomial infections when aminoglycosides are to be avoided and in penicillin-susceptible patients. 

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