Amino oxidised

By the oxidation of a side chain, provided the molecule contains no other groups (e.g., amino NH, and hydroxyl OH) which are affected by oxidising agents, for example ... 

Periodic acid has a selective oxidising action upon compounds having two hydroxyl groups or a hydroxyl and an amino group attached to adjacent carbon atoms and is characterised by the cleavage of the carbon - carbon bond (Malaprade reaction) ... 

Base. Cj HjiON, m.p. 81°, B.HAUCI4, m.p. 182° monobenzoyl derivative, m.p. 118°. Oxidised by ehromie aeid to a keto-base, C14H19ON, B. HCl, HjO, m.p. 109°. On more vigorous oxidation by ehromie aeid, benzoie aeid and an amino-aeid, C7H13O2N, m.p. 235° are formed. 

We would rather leave the OMe group alone (guideline 6), the amino group will be added via nitration and reduction which gives us some flexibility of orientation (guideline 3), and the chlorine can be added by direct chlorination or by diazoniura displacement. The most obvious disconnection is to remove the chlorine. Unfortunately chlorination of the very electron-rich amine (16) oxidises it to black tars it would in any case give a mixture of isomers as all positions in the ring in (16) are activated. 

The proteins in the mortars can be modified by gradual oxidation or other chemical processes. In mass spectra the peaks that can be interpreted as oxygen incorporation (the mass shift of +16 Da) or ammonia release (—15 Da) can be sometimes indicated. This observation is not surprising as several amino acids (Met, Trp, Tyr, etc.) can be oxidised under these conditions similarly, Gin and Asn can gradually release their ammonia by long-term hydrolysis in a wet inorganic matrix. 

D-Amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) extracted from sheep kidney possesses low selectivity and at pH 8-9 will oxidise many D amino acids, whereas L-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.2) from snake venom (Crotalus adaman-teus) at pH 8-9 catalyses the oxidation of many L amino acids. However, as these enzymes show different reactivity towards different amino acids, the results for a sample that contains several D and L amino acids may be difficult to interpret. The use of these enzymes is therefore only recommended for the measurement of one isomer of an isolated amino acid. They may also be used to remove an unwanted isomer from a sample containing both to allow subsequent measurement of the other. 

The amino acid glutamate is deaminated in a reaction catalysed by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, using either NAD+ or NADF as the oxidising agent, as follows ... 

Figure 8.9 The ATP produced from oxidation of half of the amino acids is used to synthesise glucose from the other half of the amino acids. This is a general metaboiic point, it does not appiy in aii conditions the ATP can be used in other processes (e.g. urea cycie). In starvation, ATP is generated from fat oxidation, since oxoacids are not oxidised but are converted to giucose.

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