Aluminium atomic energy levels

Think of the aluminium atom, with an electronic configuration of 2.8.3. A more detailed description of its energy levels is obtained by feeding all 13 electrons into the sublevels, giving... 

That fallout of trace elements from atmospheric pollution is widespread and far from confined to urban and industrial areas, is also borne out by data published by the UK Atomic Energy Authority, who determined, by neutron activation analysis, about 30 trace elements in airborne dust, rainwater and dry deposition, sampled at regular intervals in north-west England [188]. The highest concentrations measured in air were for chlorine, sodium, calcium, aluminium, iron, lead and zinc, and there were also measurable levels of antimony, arsenic and mercury, usually in the winter months, when there was a general increase in trace-element concentration. Further data were published on the atmospheric content and total deposition of a wide range of trace elements at seven non-urban sites (one in Shetland) in the UK in the years 1972 and 1973 [189]. Data have also been published for the North Sea and the Firth of Clyde [190]. 

Other non-local density functional schemes have also been used to solve the problem of the LDA in relation to the electron affinity of atoms and clusters. One of those non-local schemes is the weighted-density-approximation (WDA), briefly mentioned in Sects. 2.2 and 2.3 above. In this scheme the large-r behavior of V,c(f) is given correctly (see Ref. [48] for details) and, as a consequence, electron affinity levels are bound. Figure 7 gives the calculated affinities of Aluminium clusters [49]. The spherical jellium model was used in this calculation and the affinities were obtained from the total energies of neutral and... 

Fig. 34a-c. Results of a model calculation of a Xe atom adsorbed on a high electron density jellium surface (e.g. aluminium), (a) Contours of constant electron density in a cut perpendicular to the surface through the center of the Xe atom, (b) Xe valence p-elechon density vs. distance (difference density between metal-adatom system and sum of clean metal plus single Xe atom except 5p level), (c) Effective single particle potential energy contributions due to electrostatic dipole, Ves, and the exchange-correlation interaction, Vxc, respectively, [82Lan],... 

The structures, binding energies and electron affinities of aluminium arbon clusters A1 C ( = 1-8) have been studied at the DFT level using the PBE functional. The reactivity of the cluster towards oxygen is determined by the energy required to remove an A1 atom from the cluster and the electron affinity of the cluster. Clusters where the sum of these two terms is less than 5.70 eV react strongly with O2 whereas others do not. 

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