Alternative energ

The magnetic jack-type control rod drive consists of a magnetically-operated mechanism which grips and moves a control rod extension shaft. The mechanism is hermetically sealed in a pressure shell which is opened to the reactor pressure vessel. The Coils of the mechanism are located outside of the pressure shell. In brief, the control rod is moved in short steps by alternately energizing and de-energizing various coils surrounding the gripper mechanism. 

The stirrer was made to reciprocate at 3 to 4 cycles/sec by alternately energizing two solenoid coils of double glass-insulated aluminum wire wrapped around the autoclave body. The timing unit consisted of a multivibrator circuit whose frequency of oscillation and cycle time division could be controlled by varying resistances in the circuit. The timer unit, in turn, controlled the grids of two pairs of thyratrons which furnished power to the solenoids. Stirrer operation was monitored by a tickler coil connected to an oscilloscope. 

Power Supply Electrical precipitators are generally energized by rectified alternating current of commercial frequency. The voltage is stepped up to the required value by means of a transformer and then... 

FIGURE 13.17 An alternative, two-step mechanism for the decomposition of ozone. In the first step, an energized ozone molecule shakes off an oxygen atom. In the second step, that oxygen atom attacks another ozone molecule. 

Reaction 10.99 converts translational energy from a C-M collision, where M generically represents any chemical species present in the gas, into internal energy of the (excited) C intermediate species. The energized C molecules can decompose to form product molecules A and B, reaction 10.100, with rate constant kd. Alternatively, C can be stabilized (deactivated) through collision with another molecule in the gas, the reverse of 10.99. 

A reaction mechanism is a special kind of model unique to each reaction. For example, in the decomposition of ozone, 2 0,(g) - 3 02(g), we could imagine the reaction occurring in one step, when two O, molecules collide and rearrange their six atoms to form three 02 molecules (Fig. 13.22). Alternatively, we could imagine a mechanism involving two elementary reactions in the first step, an 03 molecule is energized by solar radiation and dissociates into an O atom and an 02 molecule. Then, in a second step, the O atom attacks another O, molecule to produce two more 02 molecules (Fig. 13.23). The O atom in the second mechanism is a reaction intermediate, a species that plays a role in a reaction but does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction. 

Cytochrome b-559 seems to function as a redox/acid-base transducer between the two photosystems by operating at two alternate E o s and pK s. Apparently, the LP couple is unprotonated, its reduced form being autooxidizable, and its oxidized form energetically stable. By contrast, the HP couple seems to be protonated, its reduced form being nonautooxidizable and its oxidized form electronically energized and labile ... 

They also conceived the idea of energizing a dynamic type of loud speaker from an alternating current house-lighting circuit, and reduced the invention to practice on Jan. 25, 1922. On March 21, 1922, they filed an application for a power amplifier. The conception embodied in this patent was devised by the patentees without suggestion, instruction, or assignment from any superior. 

Fig. 7.2. Alternative-site model of energy-linked transhydrogenase. E denotes energized form of transhydrogenase. > E and E <, and < E and E > denote tight and loose binding, respectively, of substrate/products to energized transhydrogenase.

Radiation which induces NMR transitions is usually produced by radiofrequency (RF) coils wound around the sample. These are energized by alternating currents approximately matching the Larmor frequency. The coils are arranged so that the magnetic field of the radiation Bi is perpendicular to the static field Bq. In contrast to other types of spectroscopy, the electric field of the radiation plays no role here. The simplest case is a circularly polarized RF field, such that, in the laboratory frame,... 

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