Alkaloids amanitins

Some alkaloids interfere with the assembly of microtubules (taxol, colchicine, maytansine), inhibit key enzymes such as adenylate cyclase (papaverine, theophylline, theobromine), activate neuromuscular systems involving ACH (physostigmine, coniine, nicotine), inhibit digestive processes (emetine, lobeline, morphine), modulate liver and kidney function (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, amanitine), and destabilize the blood and circulatory system (vinblastine, colchicine). 

Miscellaneous alkaloids Aconitine Amanitin Anabaseine Arecoline Batrachotoxin Capsaicine... 

Both liver and kidney systems are affected by a variety of secondary metabolites, and the pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been discussed earlier (Tables IV and V). The alkaloids are activated during the detoxification process, and this can lead to liver cancer. Also, many other enzyme or metabolic inhibitors (e.g., amanitine), discussed previously, are liver toxins. 

All alkaloids are toxic compounds. However, the degree of toxicity varies widely. Some are extremely toxic compounds, and a good number of these are mild toxicants. The extremely toxic alkaloids include coniine, aconitine, amanitins, chaksine, saxitoxin, and surugatoxin strychnine, nicotine, cytisine, reserpine, and emetine are examples of moderate to highly poisonous alkaloids. Atropine, pilocarpine, quinine, lobeline, ephedrine, and yohimbine are some of the... 

Among the highly toxic species of mushrooms are the Amanita species. The group of amanitin alkaloids present in Amanita phalloides are a-, and y-amanitins and amanin. The former two types of alkaloids occur to the extent of 4-5 mg/100 g. The structure of a- and /1-amanitin is as follows ... 

Amanitins are highly toxic alkaloids. The fatal dose for humans is about 0.1 mg/kg. The delayed toxic effects begin about... 

Peptide alkaloids. Alkaloids containing amino acids linked by peptide bonds examples include the er-got alkaloids and the cyclopeptide alkaloids (Rham-naceae alkaloids) as well as the amanitins and phal-lotoxins of the death cup. In spite of their structural similarities, the peptide antibiotics and /9-lactam antibiotics are not included in the peptide alkaloids. Lit. Alkaloids Chem. Biol. Perspect. 12, 187-228 (1998) Manske 26, 299-326 Zechmeister 28, 162-203. 

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