Aldo-Keto Reductases AKR

The AKRs constitute a large family of enzymes involved in reduction of various aldehydes and ketones  

Some of the AKR enzymes are inducible. Systems involved inelude an osmotic stress system, APl fos/jun (where several forms of each of the two components may be involved), and ARE Keapl/Nrf2/small Maf. The latter of these has been clearly shown to respond to oxidative and eleetrophilie stresses, and the responses ean be eonsidered part of an adaptive proteetive meehanism. 

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The aldo-keto reductases (AKR), a complex superfamily of enzymes, which includes aldehyde reductases (ALR) and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD). 

Park, J.-H., Troxel, A.B., Harvey, R.G., and Penning, T.M. (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) o-quinones produced by the aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) generate abasic sites, oxidized pyrimidines, and 8-oxo-dGuo via reactive oxygen species. Chem. Res. Toxicol, 19, 719-728. 

Most NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases, dehydratases, and epimerases are members of either the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily or the SDR superfamily. Proteins in the AKR family share a common (a//3)g-barrel fold and are involved in the metabolism of many important compounds including aldehydes, sugars, and... 

Metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX-2, 15-LO, or oxidation by ROS all lead to the formation of 15(A)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE). 15(A)-HPETE undergoes homolytic decomposition to form HPNE (Blair, 2008). It is also important to note that 15-LO-derived 13(A)-hydroperoxy-9Z,1 lii-octadecadienoic acid (HPODE) from linoleic acid (LA) also undergoes decomposition to form HPNE (Blair, 2008). A formal loss of water (2-electron oxidation) converts HPNE to ONE, whereas a 2-electron reduction results in the formation of HNE (Blair, 2008). ONO is formed enzymatically from ONE through reduction by aldo-keto reductases (AKRs). ONE is highly reactive, and upon translocation to the nucleus it readily forms HedGuo adducts. ONE... 

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