Albedo defined

Modifications and excavations of the geosphere to accommodate the anthrosphere have major effects on the geosphere. Human activities have a tremendous influence on the geosphere as evidenced by hills leveled, valleys filled in, and vast areas paved to make freeways, parking lots, and shopping centers. One such influence is on surface albedo, defined as the percentage of impinging... 

The interface between the geosphere and the atmosphere at Earth s surface is very important to the environment. Human activities on the earth s surface may affect climate, most directly through the change of surface albedo, defined as the percentage of incident solar radiation reflected by a land or water surface. For example, if the sun radiates 100 units of energy per minute to the outer limits of the atmosphere, and the earth s surface receives 60 units per minute of the total, then reflects 30 units upward, the albedo is 50 percent. Some typical albedo values for different areas on the earth s surface are evergreen forests, 7-15% dry, plowed... 

While there would seem to be a very large number of possible biogeochemical feedbacks, only a few have been identified and even these are not quantified. Two main classes of feedbacks can be defined those in which biota influence albedo, and those that involve changes in the composition of the atmosphere. 

Reflection phenomena in the atmosphere occur for wavelengths less than the particle size and are fairly independent of wavelength in this region. The term albedo is used to describe the reflective properties of surfaces and is defined by... 

In some works involving aerosol scattering the term albedo is used to describe the extinction of light by a particle or a system of particles. Albedo is defined as the fraction of incident light or radiant energy that is reflected or scattered by the particle or system of particles. It is a dimensionless fraction commonly used to describe the light reflected from the earth back into space. 

The albedo of a dust grain is defined as the ratio of its scattering cross section to its cross section for total extinction. From the observations, values of the albedo as high as 0.9 at X 1500 A are obtained. A particle with no... 

Far field spectral Albedo file to use (38 = Light Sandy Soil) IALBDX (on of 40 choices, including user defined)... 

Correspondingly, in the model we need to define and parameterise two new urban terms QA and AQs as well as the albedo for urban areas. 

The physical impact of the snowpack depends on its physical properties, such as albedo and heat conductivity. Its chemical impact depends on its chemical composition and its reactivity, determined in part by the light flux inside the snowpack. All of these properties change with time, because of a set of physical and chemical processes regrouped under the term snow metamorphism , defined below. 

In most engineering applications, the transient term is negligible. The single scattering albedo is defined as / (5 . A dimensionless optical coordinate (sometimes called optical thickness)... 

The presence of clouds in the troposphere modifies somewhat the radiation field in the stratosphere (Lacis and Hansen, 1974) by altering the albedo and introducing a highly scattering medium. Because the reflectance properties of clouds vary considerably with cloud type, numerical models dealing with this problem have to define statistical properties of the cloud distribution. 

The single scattering albedo is defined as the fraction of energy attenuated due to scattering ... 

FIGURE 24.2 Critical single-scattering albedo that defines the boundary between cooling and heating regions. 

The geometric albedo A of a particle is defined as the ratio of the energy scattered at a = 0 to that scattered by a white Lambert disk of the same... 

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