Aggregate crystals silver

Ion exclusion chromatography, of ascorbic acid, 25 760 Ion hopping, 14 469 Ionic aggregates, 14 463—466 Ionically conducting polymers, 13 540 Ionic carbides, 4 647 Ionic compounds, rubidium, 21 822 Ionic conduction, ceramics, 5 587-589 Ionic crystals, 19 185. See also Silver halide crystals... 

The electron, if not lost by recombination or some secondary process, can combine with an interstitial silver ion or possibly a surface silver ion to form a silver atom. The photolytic silver is formed as, or aggregates to form, nuclei rather than existing as individual atoms distributed throughout the crystal. Only one nucleus consisting of a few silver atoms is needed to produce a detectable photographic effect. 

These forces are the result of elastic stress fields that. exist near every impurity ion or aggregate and crystal imperfection like a dislocation line or grain boundary. These forces are very strong and are mainly responsible for the creation of second phase impurity aggregates in a host of ionic crystals. If the latent image is considered as a second phase formation of Ag° atoms in the silver halide crystal, then it seems that the elastic forces are those that cause the formation of this Ag aggregate. 

Electronic Properties. When the silver aggregate grows, its properties become more like those of bulk silver. These calculations for Ag atoms added at lattice positions show that a single atom on the crystal has a charge of +0.52, which is comparable to the average AgBr lattice cation charge of +0.55 calculated by... 

At the opposite extreme from the oriented gas model for molecular crystals, the neighbouring molecules do interact with each other resulting in spectral properties of the bulk that differ considerably from those of the individual molecule. Interacting molecules of this type often tend to form aggregates even in solution, a phenomenon that has been exploited by the photographic industry for the tuning of the spectral response of silver halide emulsions (Herz 1974 Smith 1974 Nassau 1983). Aggregate formation can lead to the development of new, and often quite intense absorption bands... 

---