Afterthoughts on Mega-Vessel Destroyed during Commissioning

Afterthoughts on Mega-Vessel Destroyed During Commissioning 

Water has the unique ability to expand 1570 times when changing from a liquid to a vapor, and to contract 1570 times when it is condensing. To visualize this dramatic contraction, just think that a typical rail tank car filled with steam at atmospheric pressure could condense to the volume of 10 or 11 gallons of water. [1] These properties can result in destructive vacuum damage as just shown. The explosive expansion from water to steam can result in a catastrophic incident as the next case history graphically demonstrates. 

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Afterthoughts on mega-vessel destroyed during commissioning... 

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