AFM three-dimensional image

Figure 12.15 Tapping mode AFM three-dimensional images of PAMAM dendrimer molecules from G5 to G10. Dendrimer molecules (0.001% w/w) are deposited on mica surface by spin coating (provided by Jing Li and D. A. Tomalia)...

Fig. 20.1. MAC Mode AFM three-dimensional images in air of (A) clean HOPG electrode (B) thin-film dsDNA-biosensor surface, prepared onto HOPG by 3 min free adsorption from 60 pg/mL dsDNA in pH 4.5 0.1 M acetate buffer (C) multi-layer film dsDNA biosensor, prepared onto HOPG by evaporation of three consecutive drops each containing 5pL of 50 pg/mL dsDNA in pH 4.5 0.1 M acetate buffer (D) thick-film dsDNA biosensor, prepared onto HOPG by evaporation from 37.5mg/mL dsDNA in pH 4.5 0.1M acetate buffer. With permission from Refs. [28,29].

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis Results. The best MDF cements from mechanical point of view, in two series of MDF cements were submitted to AFM analysis. Figs. 5 to 8 show AFM three-dimensional images of the B3 and BAl surfaces in dry and water-stored state, respectively. 

Figure 5 AFM three-dimensional image of Figure 6 AFM three-dimensional image B3 dry surface for 5x5 pm scan size of B3 water-stored surface for 5x5 pm Average roughness 61.0931 nm scan size Average roughness 107.429 nm...

Figure 7 AFM three-dimensional image of Figure 8 AFM three-dimensional image...

Fig. 4.10. AFM three-dimensional image of the top surface of a supern-odular aggregate of a PPO-CS2 membrane. Reprinted from [24]. Copyright 1997, with kind permission from Elsevier...

FIGURE 4 The AFM three-dimensional image ((a) 30x30 gm and (b) 10x10 pm) of the structures formed on a surface of modified sihcone on the basis of triple complexes Ni"(acac)2xNaStxPhOH. 

FIGURE 5.8 (a) The AFM three-dimensional image (5.0 x 5.0 gm) of the stmchnes (h 80-100 nm) formed on a surface of modified sihcone on the basis of triple complexes Ni"(acac),-MP-PhOEL (b) The AFM three-dimensional image (6.0 x 6.0 pm) of the structures (h 40 nm) formed on a surface of modified sihcone on the basis of triple complexes Ni (acac),-HMPA-PhOH. (c) The AFM three-dimensional image (30 x 30 pm) of the structures h 80 nm) formed on a surface of modified sihcone on the basis of triple complexes Ni"(acac)j-NaSt-PhOH. (d) The AFM three-dimensional image (4.5 x 4.5 pm) of the structures (h 10 nm) formed on a surface of modified sihcone on the basis of triple complexes Ni (acac)jLiStPhOH. 

Figure 12 AFM three-dimensional images of Pl-SilO and PI-Si-Ti ternary hybrid composite films with two different ratios of Si to Ti (ST(11) and ST(21)) at constant contents (0.1 g) of the Si-Ti mixture. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 114 Polymer Society of Korea.)...

The concept of resolution in AFM is different from radiation-based microscopies because AFM imaging is a three-dimensional imaging technique. There is an important distinction between images resolved by wave optics and those resolved by scanning probe techniques. The former is limited by diffraction, whereas the latter is limited primarily by apical probe geometry and sample geometry. Usually the width of a DNA molecule is loosely used as a measure of resolution, because it has a known diameter of 2.0 nm in its B form. 

FIGURE 10.4 Cholesterol domain (consisting of 107 molecules) as studied by AFM. (a) Image 5 m x 5 m (b) three-dimensional image (see text for details). The size of image is... 

In the author s laboratory, the grids used for the electron microscope have been analyzed by AFM and by STM (if a conducting layer is present). In fact, this procednre allows comparison of these different techniques. However, the STM and AFM provide three-dimensional images, which are more useful. In one case, the virns of AIDS was stndied. Becanse the virns is destroyed under grid formation, we can safely study these by STM or AFM under ordinary laboratory conditions. ... 

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) offer a means of obtaining three-dimensional images of polymer surfaces. These techniques... 

AFM is widely used in the analysis of polymer surfaces, such as morphology and molecidar structure of crystalline and oriented polymers, block copolymers, and polymer blends. The example shown in Figure 10.13(b) is the AFM three-dimensional smface image of the fracture surface of a composite. A lamellar structure is clearly observed, with periodicity of about 200 nm, comparable to values obtained from the SEM micrographs [Figure 10.13(a)]. 

Fig.435a-d. AFM images at four different sites of the surface of hollow fiber prepared at 1 -cm air gap a and b at scan 3 pm (top surface) and c and d at scan 1 pm (three-dimensional images). Reprinted from [61]. Copyright 2003, with kind permission from Elsevier... 

Figures 4.38 and 4.39 show, respectively, the AFM images of the outer surfaces of the hollow fibers spun at the air gaps of 1 cm and 10 cm. Again, a and b are the surface images of two samples taken from two different sites along a hoUow fiber, while c and d are the three-dimensional images of another two sites. The sizes (diameters) of the nodule aggregates summarized in Table 4.9 show that ...

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