Adrenalin Adr

Figure 1-1 shows an example of the detection limits that can be reached with EC detection. The chromatogram shows the separation and detection of the catecholamines noradrenaline (nor), adrenaline (adr), dihydroxybenzylamine (dhba), and dopamine (dopa), using a glassy carbon electrode at a working potential of +0.6 V. The minimum detectable quantity is less than 3 Pg-... 

Figure 9. Blood pressure and heart rate under the influence of clonidine before and after spinalization in a cat. Spinalization was done between the two parts of the figure. Adrenaline (Adr.) and clonidine (Clonidin) were given i.v. (14).

Analysis of adrenaline (adr), noradrenaline (nadr) and dopamine (DA) in urine using (A) An ODS column with ionpairing agent in citrate buffer pH 5.0 with 2% tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the mobile phase (B) a strong cation exchange column with citrate buffer pH 5.0 with 7% THF as the mobile phase. The eluent was monitored by electrochemical detection at a potential of 0.7 V. Methyidopamine (MDA) was used as an internal standard and added to the urine before extraction. Reproduced with permission from J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Apps. (see Reference 10). 

Fig. 6. Dose-response curves of the lipomobilizing effects of noradrenaline (NOR), adrenaline (ADR), and isoprenaline (ISO) tn vitro. Mean values SE. Identical maximal effects (activity) and only minimal differences in afSnity are to be noted, as also the afiinity sequence ISO > NOR > ADR.

The chemistry of most of the drugs in this family is quite simple, accounting in part for the very large number of analogues which have been made. The foundation for the chemistry in this series was laid long ago by Stolz in his classic synthesis of the ophthalmic agent adr nalone (3) in which he reacted catechol with chloroacetyl chloride and then displaced the reactive chlorine atom with methylamine to complete the synthesis. Borohydride reduction would have given epinephrine (adrenaline). 

Another group of transmitters involved in the control of the cardiovascular system by the autonomous nervous system includes the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. In acinar submandibular gland cells of the rat the administration of 10 4 mol/1 adrenaline elicits a reduction in dye coupling from 97 to 75.3% dye-coupled cells [Kanno et al., 1993]. This could not be mimicked with isoprenaline, but was inhibited with phenoxybenzamine. Thus, the uncoupling effect of adrenaline in this preparation is mediated by stimulation of the a-adre-noceptor, whereas a stimulation of the P-adrenoceptor has no effect. 

Adr, adrenaline Nor, noradrenaline Iso, isoproterenol. Source Lefkowitz Caron (1988). 

Antagonistic effects of ergotamine against ADR were described by Goodman and Knobil (1959) in rats and by McEIroy and Spitzer (1961) in dogs. Dihydroergotamine antagonizes the adrenaline action in rats (Ellis and Kennedy, 1965). 

In experiments with intact rat adipose tissue in vitro Butcher et al. (1964, 1965) found that addition of ADR to the incubation medium (10pg/ml = 5X 10 M) was followed by a rapid increase of the concentration of intracellular 3, 5 -AMP. In the fifdi minute, the maximum had already been reached and the concentration began to decline again after 20 minutes the lipolytic reaction nevertheless proceeded at a high rate. DCI in concentrations which abolished the effect of adrenaline on the lipolysis also blocked the increase of 3, 5 -AMP in the adipose cells. 

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