Adenylate cyclase pathway, triggering

The Adenylate Cyclase Pathway Is Triggered by a Membrane-Bound Receptor The G Protein Cycle Is a Target for Certain Bacterial Toxins... 

The Adenylate Cyclase Pathway Is Triggered by a Membrane-Bound Receptor... 

Fresco P, Diniz C, Gonsalves J (2004) Facilitation of noradrenaline release by activation of adenosine A2a receptors triggers both phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase pathways in rat tail... 

After a brief overview of signal transduction, the text describes the structure of the seven-helix transmembrane P-adrenergic receptor and indicates how it transmits to the intracellular side of the plasma membrane a signal arising from binding the hormone epinephrine on the extracellular surface of the cell. The common features of the G proteins are presented next. The description of the information-transmission pathway from hormone stimulus to G proteins to adenylate cyclase is completed by a discussion of how cAMP activates specific protein kinases to modulate the activities of the phosphorylated target proteins. A small number of hormone molecules outside the cell results in an amplified response because each activated enzyme in the triggered cascade forms numerous products. There are many distinct seven-helix transmembrane hormone receptors. 

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