Adalin

The problem was first addressed by Cover ([cover64], [cover65]), who found a lower bound on the minimum number of synaptic weights needed for an ADALINE network (see section 10.5.1) to realize any Boolean function. More recently. Cover s early work has been extended by Baum ([baumSSa], [baum89]). who has found a... 

Carbromal (Uradal, Adalin.) 1 mole of a-bromo-a-ethyl butyryl bromide is mixed with dry urea (1 mole) and heated on a steam bath for several hours. Precautions must be taken to keep steam and atmospheric H2O from the reaction vessel. Cool, allow to solidify, wash with H2O, and recrystallize from alcohol. Dose (sedative) 300 to 500 mg, (hypnotic) 700 to 950 mg, mp 116-118°. This drug is less potent than the barbiturates, but it is less toxic, extremely well tolerated, has a wide margin of safety, and acts rapidly. 

The well-known Robinson-Schbpf reaction has been applied to the synthesis of JZ-adaline (107) from ketoglutaric acid (457), ammonium chloride, and keto-aldehyde (458) (Scheme 58) 338). The second synthesis of starts with nitrone 459 462). Reaction of 459 with pentylmagnesium bromide gave a hydroxylamine (460) which was oxidized to yield a mixture of nitrones 461 and 462. Without separation of the nitrones (461 and 462), successive treatments with allylmagnesium bromide and then mercuric oxide gave a mixture of desired nitrones 466 and 467 and by-product 468. Nitrones 466 and 467 are capable of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and, on heating in chloroform, 466 and 467... 

The third synthetic route reported by Husson and co-workers 140) is as follows Amino nitrile 472 obtained from the ketal (471) was converted to the 2,6-dialkylpiperidine (473) by catalytic hydrogenation followed by alkylation with lithium diisopropylamide and pentyl bromide. Refluxing a solution of 473 in methanol containing hydrochloric acid led to the formation of 9-benzyladaline (475) in 90% yield. Debenzylation of 475 gave d/-adaline (107) in nearly quantitative yield (Scheme 59) 140). 

Biosynthesis of adaline (107) may be carried out via intermediate 456 from polyketide origin. A possible biogenetic interrelationship between adaline (107) and the coccinelline-type alkaloids (Scheme 57), suggested by Tursch et al. 

Derks et al. [70] employed ANNs to cancel out noise in ICP. The results of neural networks (an Adaline network and a multi-layer feed-forward network) were compared with the more conventional Kalman filter. 

Homologues of tropane and granatane can be prepared by starting with alkyl derivatives of cyclohexenone and heptanone, respectively. Full details13 of the synthesis7 of adaline (30), a homotropane, using the nitrone route,14 have now been given. 

The above-named insects have a chemical defense and an extract of them has yielded the alkaloid adaline (C13H23ON amorphous [a]D — 13°) (5). It was shown to have a carbonyl and an NH group, and NMR spectroscopy indicated certain features which were confirmed by an X ray study of adaline hydrochloride crystals (mp 204-205°). 

Adalia quadrimaculata Scopoli and A. pantherina L. also yielded adaline (2). 

The structural core of (-)-adaline was prepared by a lithium-activated SN2-type alkynylation of an enantiomerically-enriched tricyclic N, O-acetal followed by reduction, Ar-formylation (80, R = CHO), and RCM using the MC2 <02OL2469> (Scheme 61). Yields were only slightly lower with the GMC. RCM fails with the HC1 salt of 80 (R =H2C1), presumably because of a diequatorial arrangement of the 2,6-dialkenyl substituents in that derivative. 

A number of nemertine worms, such as Amphiporus or Nereis, produce alkaloids such as 2,3-bipyridyl, anabaseine, nemertelline, or nereis-toxin, which are toxic to predators such as crayfish 4,17,28,230,226,). Arthropod-made alkaloids include glomerine and homoglomerine in Glom-erus 215), adaline in Adalia 227), coccinelline, euphococcinine, and derivatives in Coccinella, Epilachna, and other coccinellid beetles 28,226,227,235), and stenusine in Stenus 215), which are considered to be antipredatory compounds 4,17,28,494-496). 

Proprietary Names. Adalin Mirfudorm. iV-(2-Bromo-2-ethylbutyryl)urea C7Hi3BrN202 = 237.1 CAS—77-65-6... 

Gnecco Medina, D. H., Grierson, D. S., and Husson, H. P., 2-Cyano-A -pipcrideines X biomimetic synthesis of the Ladyburg alkaloids of the adaline scries. Tetrahedron Lett., 24, 2099. 1983. 

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