Acylation with silver

Many of the reactions of amines are familiar from past chapters. Thus, amines react with alkyl halides in S 2 reactions and with acid chlorides in nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions. Amines also undergo E2 elimination to yield alkenes if they are first qualernized by treatment with iodomethane and then heated with silver oxide, a process called the Hofmann elimination. 

Block or graft copolymem can be obtained by cationic polymerization of THF with macromolecular initiators. The recommended groups for the initiation are the dioxolenium cation, the acyl cation and the super acid ester, each of which can be introduced into the backbone polymer by reaction with silver salts of strong acids. Introduction of the dioxolenium group into polystyrene was carried out by the following route32 ... 

Treatment of the acylated glycosyl halide (bromide or chloride) of the opposite anomeric configuration with silver fluoride in acetonitrile was the method initially developed40 for the synthesis of the less stable anomers, as exemplified by the synthesis of peracylated /S-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride40 from the corresponding a-bromide. It has... 

The AgBp4 method was extended to cyclizations onto the alkoxyl side chain. Novel heterocycles A-acyl-3,4-dihydro-lP -2,l-benzoxazines (25) and A-acyl-4,5-dihydro-l//,3//-2,1-benzoxazepines (26) were synthesized by the treatment of open-chain A-chloro-A-(2-phenylethyloxy)- and A-chloro-A-(3-phenylpropyloxy)amides (24, n = 2, 3) with silver tetrafluoroborate in benzene (Scheme 2). Optimal yields of 25 were ultimately obtained with AgBp4 in ether or TPIP. ... 

In parallel with acylation (see Section II,D,3) nitration of 9-acetyl-carbazole, with silver nitrate-aluminium chloride, leads to the introduction of the electrophile at C-2, thus providing 2-nitrocarbazole efficiently after hydrolysis of the N-substituent. ° An early report that 9-tosylcarbazole is nitrated at C-1 could not be repeated. ... 

In solution-phase peptide synthesis, acylation of amino acids or peptides with N-protected azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is performed via the active esters, e.g. A-hydroxysuccin-imide 100 111-112 or pentachlorophenyl ester, m 117 as well as by the mixed anhydride 101114 or carbodiimide 118 methods. An attempt to prepare the A-carbonic acid anhydride by cycli-zation of A-(chloroformyl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid with silver oxide in acetone or by addition of triethylamine in situ failed, presumably due to steric hindrance. 111 In SPPS, activation of the Fmoc-protected imino acid by HBTU 119,120 is reported. In solution-phase peptide synthesis, coupling of N-protected amino acids or peptides to C-protected azetidine-2-carboxylic acid or related peptides may be performed by active esters, 100 118 121 mixed anhydrides, 95 or similar methods. It may be worth mentioning that the probability of pip-erazine-2,5-dione formation from azetidine-2-carboxylic acid dipeptides is significantly reduced compared to proline dipeptides. 111 ... 

N-Acylated Cys derivatives 32 on treatment with silver(I) oxide or silver(I) carbonate/1061 mercury(II) oxide/1071 iron salts/1081 or DCC1 091 undergo a (3-elimination reaction to yield AAla derivatives 33. The various (3-leaving groups that have been reported include sulfoxide/1101 sulfone/1111 5,5-dimethylsulfonium [Me2+S]/1121 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfanyl11131 and 5-dimethylphosphinothionyl11141 (Scheme 12). 

The acyl hypohalit reaction with iodine ob a halogen component is the well-known Prevost reaction,18i0 whioh has found some application during recent years in the field of natural prodwtB.. u. . w. In thiB ease the acyl hypoholite is acetyl hypoiodite, generated by reaction of iodine with silver nitrate in glacial acetic arid (Eq. 130). 

The procedure may be adapted for the preparation of other acyl isocyanates (i.e., dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phenyl-acetyl, diphenylacetyl, benzoyl, etc) and is generally more convenient than the reaction of acid chlorides with silver cyan-ate3 4 Acyl isocyanates react with amines, alcohols, and mer-captans to yield acyl ureas, carbamates, and thiocarbamates. 

The acylation of aromatic ethers by acyl chlorides is highly regioselective in the presence of 10 mol% Sml3.53 Some aromatic compounds are efficiently acylated by acid anhydrides catalysed by niobium pentachloride with silver perchlorate.54 Arenes of a range of reactivity are acylated by acetic anhydride in a fluorous biphasic system catalysed by Hfps SCLCgFn L (1 mol%)55 The catalyst is easily recoverable and can usually be used again without decrease in activity. 

Treatment of labeled acyloxy alkynones with silver tetrafluoroborate in dichlor-omethane at room temperature exclusively gave a single furan, in which the labeled oxygen atom was connected to the ring carbon (Scheme 3.59). This observation was consistent with a 1,2-acyl migration but not with a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. 

The Leukart reaction has also been used in the conversion of dehydroepiandro-sterone into 17/3-formylamino-3/3-formyloxyandrost-5-ene, which on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride afforded 3/3-hydroxy-17/3-me thylaminoandrost-5-ene. Acylation with isocaproyl chloride then furnished the N-methyl-N-isocaproyl steroid (197), after selective ester hydrolysis of the initially formed ON-diacyl derivative. The amide (197) was further converted into its 3,5-cyclo-6-ketone via the 3,5-cyclo-6/3-alcohol and thence by reaction with hydrogen bromide into the corresponding 3/3-bromo-5a-6-ketone which upon dehydrobromination furnished a A2-5a-6-ketone and ultimately the 2-monoacetate of the 2/3,3/3-diol (198) after reaction with silver acetate and iodine. Hydrolysis to the 2/3,3/3-diol (198) gave a separable mixture of the 2/3,3/8-dihydroxy-5a- and -5/3-ketones.88... 

A very interesting amido functionahsed carbene was prepared by Legault et al. [116] from A-mesitylimidazole and 0-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine, an electrophilic ami-nation reagent [117]. The exo-amino group is subsequently acylated to afford a zwitterionic amido functionalised carbene (see Figure 4.38). Reaction with silver(l) acetate and sodium carbonate [a rare variant of the silver(I) oxide method] yields the silver(l) carbene complex as a dimer with a Ag-Ag bond. The silver(l) carbene complex can be used as a carbene transfer reagent to synthesise the homoleptic monomeric copper(Il) carbene complex. 

Peroxy acids. Konen and Silbert have developed a mild, general synthesis of peroxy acids entailing first acylation of silver diethyl phosphate in ether solution followed by perhydrolysis of the mixed anhydride with hydrogen peroxide (98%... 

In a similar way, when ethylene bromide is treated with silver acetate, CH3—COOAg, an acyl-ester of the corresponding di-hydroxy alcohol is obtained, which, on hydrolysis, yields the di-hydroxy alcohol itself, as follows ... 

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