Activity density

Specimen ID Pre-activation. density (g/cm ) % DKDX fibers Bum-off (%) BET area (mVg) DR pore vol. (cmVg)... 

Gasteiger et al. reviewed the best performing Fe-based catalysts in the literature up to 2004 1. Even the best of these catalysts (Fe on pyrolyzed peryle-netetracarboxylic dianhydride) showed a corrected turnover frequency of 7% and a volume activity density of 0.2% of Ft. More recent work has focused on optimizing the metal, nitrogen, and carbon composition of the materials. 

Tang, I. N., and H. R. Munkelwitz, Water Activities, Densities, and Refractive Indices of Aqueous Sulfates and Sodium Nitrate Droplets of Atmospheric Importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18801-18808 (1994a). 

Honek, A. 1997. The effect of plant cover and weather on the activity density of ground surface arthropods in a fallow field. Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture 15 203-210. 

Fig.4 shows the calculated and experimental removal rate ratio of the mixed area at various pattern densities and pitch sizes. The calculated data increases with decreasing active pattern density and it is in good agreement with the experimental data. As can be seen in the diagram blanket oxide to nitride selectivity is 4.3 and decreases as active density increases. The selectivity change is greater in the low active density areas than in the high doisity areas. 

Fig.6 shows the effect of over CMP on the erosion at various active densities. Erosion due to differences in pattern density increases with SiN polishing amount. Therefore reducing... 

Fig.7 shows the effect of slurry selectivity between oxide and nitride on the erosion at various densities. Slurry plays an important role in STI CMP. As can be seen in the diagram slimy selectivity has a big effect on the amount of erosion. At high slurry selectivities, erosion can be kept at a minimal level for high aetive densities. But as can be seen in Figure 6, erosion increases rapidly at low active densities. Therefore to minimize erosion, a slurry with optimum selectivity for a given active density and density distribution needs to be used. Inchip planarity after STI CMP can be simply expressed by the following equation ... 

To calculate the nucleation rate of H2S04-H20, first AG(nA, nB. T) has to be evaluated to locate the saddle point. One can construct a table of AG as a function of nA and nB and the saddle point can be found by inspection of the values. To calculate AG one needs values for activities, densities, and surface tensions as functions of temperature. The value of the saturation vapor pressure of H2S04 has a major effect on the nucleation rate. Kulmala and Laaksonen (1990) have evaluated available expressions for the H2S04 saturation vapor pressure and derived a recommended expression (Table 11.6). Table 11.7 illustrates a particular calculation of AG as a function of nA and nB (neglecting hydration). 

Only one study compared mammal abundance and activity densities on organic and conventional farms. Brown (1999) found that activity levels of small mammals [wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and common shrew (Sorex araneus)] were greater in organic than conventional fields. He also found that grass margins were the preferred habitat compared with the cropped field area in both farming systems. 

Hokkanen, H. and J.K. Holopainen (1986), Carabid species and activity densities in biologically and conventionally managed cabbage fields , Journal of Applied Entomology, Vol. 102, pp. 353-363. 

Figure 81. Activity densities (pCi/ xg) of mites extracted from cores of litter-soil every 2 weeks for 2 months. Cores were taken near sites inoculated with Zn-labeled fungus. Amblyseius sp. was omitted due to limitations of space. From Coleman and McGinnis (1970).

Tang IN, Munkelwitz HR (1994) Water activities, densities, and refractive-indexes of aqueous sulfates and sodium-nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance. J Geophys Res Atmos 99 18801-18808... 

Monoliths are almost always washcoated with precious metal (Pt and or Pd) due to their high activity density relative to less active base metals such as oxides of Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, etc. The inlet air containing pollutants is pre-heated through the exit heat exchanger. If the exotherm for the comhustion reaction is sufficiently large a second heat exchanger, in series, may be used to export it for other uses such as the generation of process heat. 

Figure 3.42 Effect of Cr content on catalyst activity density. Reprinted from [50] with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

Run Calcination Temp Cr Content to Silica Activity Density Mn M w MJM w n... 

Isoluble salts (water activity, density control)... 

Figure 70. Contribution of activation, density, and HCl dissociation to corrosion rate of Type 304 SS as a function of pressure at 350°C in deaerated 0.01 M FICl solution. Reprinted from Ref 142, Copyright (2009) with the permission from NACE International.

Corn Peroxidase and esterase activity Density of gel bands [6]... 

Important simplifications occur also for high-spin CSFs - that is, for CSFs where all singly occupied orbitals have the same (alpha or beta) spin. The high-spin active density matrices have the simple form... 

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